1. ASSYRIANS & PERSIANS MIDDLE EASTERN EMPIRES

2. I. MILITARY MACHINE

3. A. INTRODUCTION 1. CREATED LARGE S.W. ASIAN EMPIRE 2. USED ORGANIZED MILITARY

4. GROWTH OF EMPIRE

5. B. WARRIOR PEOPLE 1. GEOGRAPHY a. NORTHERN MESOPOTAMIA b. FLAT UNPROTECTED PLAINS

6. PEOPLE 2. EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHY a. OPEN TO INVASION b. DEVELOPED STRONG MILITARY FOR PROTECTION

7. C. MILITARY ORGANIZATION 1. EQUIPMENT/DRESS a.) LEATHER & METAL ARMOR b.) COPPER OR IRON HELMETS

8. ORGANIZATION c.) LEATHER & METAL SKIRTS d.) IRON WEAPONS

11. ORGANIZATION 2. SIEGE WARFARE - SURROUNDING A CITY IN AN ATTEMPT TO CONQUER/STARVE THE PEOPLE OF THE CITY

12. ORGANIZATION a.) TECHNOLOGY 1.)BRIDGING 2.) DIGGING BENEATH WALL (SAPPING) 3.) BOW & ARROW 4.) BATTERING RAM

13. ORGANIZATION b.) TREATMENT OF CONQUERED 1.) KILLED 2.) ENSLAVED 3.) BEHEADED 4.) EXILED OR DEPORTED (JEWS)

14. ORGANIZATION C. PURPOSE OF TREATMENT 1.) TO PREVENT REBELLION 2.) SCARE ENEMY WITH REPUTATION

15. II. EXPANDING EMPIRE

16. A. INTRODUCTION 1. TERRITORY CONQUERED a.) FERTILE CRESCENT b.) PARTS OF ANATOLIA PENINSULA c.) PARTS OF EGYPT & AFRICA

17. B. ASSYRIAN RULE 1. ORGANIZATION a.) ALL OF S.W. ASIA (FERTILE CRESCENT) 1.)ALEPPO – ANCIENT NEOLITHIC TRADE CITY 2. JERICHO – NEOLITHIC CITY BECAME ENTRY CITY INTO LANDS OF JUDEA

18. B. ASSYRIAN RULE b.) DIVIDED INTO PROVINCES - DEPENDENT TERRITORIES (STATES)

20. ORGANIZATION c.) RULERS OF PROVINCES CHOSEN BY KING (GOVERNORS)

21. RULE 2. EFFECT OF NEW TERRITORIES a.) MORE TAXES

22. RULE b.) IF REFUSED TO PAY 1.) CITIES DESTROYED 2.) PEOPLES EXILED OR DEPORTED

23. …RULE 3. ASSYRIAN CULTURE a.) NINEVEH 1.) ASSYRIA’S CAPITOL 2.) GREAT WALLED CITY (3X1 MILES)

24. …RULE b.) ARTISTIC TOPICS 1.)BRUTAL MILITARY CAMPAIGNS 2.) LION HUNTS

26. …RULE C.) EPIC OF GILGAMESH 1.) PROVIDES HISTORY OF EARLY S.W. ASIA

27. …RULE I WILL proclaim to the world the deeds of Gilgamesh. This was the man to whom all things were known; this was the king who knew the countries of the world. He was wise, he saw mysteries and knew secret things, he brought us a tale of the days before the flood. He went on a long journey, was weary, worn-out with labour, returning he rested, he engraved on a stone the whole story.

28. …RULE 2.) DICTIONARY TABLETS (a.) CONTAINED SEVERAL LANGUAGES (b.) ALLOWED BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF WRITING

30. III. EMPIRE CRUMBLES

31. A. INTRODUCTION 1. REASONS FOR DECLINE a.) TOO MUCH TERRITORY (ARMY TO THIN) b.) EXCESSIVE CRUELTY CREATED ENEMIES & REVOLT

32. …INTRO 2. NINEVEH a.) DESTROYED BY MEDES & CHALDEANS b.) WRITINGS SURVIVED

34. B. BABYLON AND THE CHALDEANS 1. BABYLON a.) BECAME CAPITOL (CENTER OF NEW EMPIRE)

35. …BABYLON b.) NEBUCHADNEZZAR (1.) REBUILT BABYLON (2.) HANGING GARDENS (a.) TERRACED GARDENS (b.) BUILT FOR WIFE

37. …BABYLON (3.) WALL (a.) EXTREMELY THICK (b.) ENCIRCLED THE CITY

40. …BABYLON 2. DECLINE & FALL a.) FELL AFTER NEBUCHADNEZZAR’S DEATH b.) CONQUERED BY PERSIANS

41. IV. RISE OF PERSIA

42. A. INTRODUCTION 1. PERSIAN CONTROL a.) BASED ON TOLERANCE & DIPLOMACY b.) SUPPORTED BY STRONG MILITARY

43. B. PERSIAN HOMELAND 1. INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATION (AREA SETTLED) a.) E. OF FERTILE CRESCENT b.) FROM CASPIAN SEA TO PERSIAN GULF

44. EXPANSION OF PERSIAN EMPIRE

45. …HOMELAND 2. RESOURCES a.) FARMLAND b.) MINERALS - COPPER - LEAD - GOLD - SILVER

46. C. CYRUS THE GREAT 1. SIZE OF CYRUS’ EMPIRE a.) EAST - INDUS RIVER b.) WEST - ANATOLIA PENINSULA

48. …CYRUS 2. METHOD OF TOLERANT RULE a.) FORBID LOOTING AND BURNING b.) HONORED LOCAL CUSTOMS & RELIGIONS

49. …CYRUS 3. JEWS a.) ALLOWED TO RETURN TO JERUSALEM b.) ALLOWED TO REBUILD CITY & TEMPLE c. OLD TESTAMENT - FIRST APPEARED AROUND THIS TIME

50. V. PERSIAN RULE & RELIGION

51. A. CAMBYSES & DARIUS 1. CAMBYSES a.) CONQUERED EGYPT b.) SCORNED EGYPT’S RELIGION (WAS NOT TOLERANT) c.) REBELLION OCCURRED UPON DEATH

52. DARIUS 2. DARIUS a.) ESTABLISHED ORGANIZED GOV. AFTER REVOLT

53. …DARIUS b.) EXTENT OF EMPIRE (1.) EAST TO AFGHANISTAN & INDUS (2.) WEST TO EGYPT & ANATOLIA PENINSULA

55. …DARIUS (3.) UNABLE TO CONQUER GREECE (4.) LARGEST EMPIRE IN THE WORLD AT THIS TIME

56. B. PROVINCES & SATRAPS 1. PROVINCES a.) DIVIDED INTO TWENTY b.) PEOPLE PRACTICED OWN RELIGION c.) KEPT LOCAL LANGUAGE & LAWS

57. …PROVINCES 2. BUREAUCRACY OF THE EMPIRE a. BUREAUCRACY - ORGANIZATION OF PEOPLE WHO CONTROLLED THE DAY TO DAY WORKING OF GOV.

58. …PROVINCES 3. OFFICIALS OF THE PROVINCE a.) SATRAPS - GOVERNOR OF A PROVINCE b. MILITARY LEADERS

59. …PROVINCES c.) TAX COLLECTORS d.) EYES & EARS OF THE KING - INSPECTORS FOR THE KING & ADMINISTRATION

60. …PROVINCES 3. HOLDING THE EMPIRE TOGETHER a.) BUILT SYSTEM OF ROADS b. IMPROVED COMMUNICATION

61. …PROVINCES C. ROYAL ROAD (1.) PERSIA TO ANATOLIA PENINSULA (2.) IMPROVED COMMUNICATION (3.) IMPROVED TRADE

62. …PROVINCES (4.) SHORTENED TRIP TO 7 DAYS (5.) USED RELAY STATIONS 15 MILES APART

64. …PROVINCE b.) COINAGE EFFECTS (1.) STANDARDIZED VALUE THROUGH EMPIRE (2.) PROMOTED TRADE

65. …PROVINCE (3.) MONEY ECONOMY - GOODS FOR MONEY 4.) ROADS & MONEY UNIFY EMPIRE

67. C. THE PERSIAN LEGACY 1. ZOROASTER - PERSIAN PROPHET & RELIGIOUS REFORMER

68. …LEGACY a. TEACHINGS 1.) TWO SPIRITUAL ARMIES 2.) AHURA MAZDA - TRUTH & LIGHT

69. …LEGACY 3.) AHRIMAN - EVIL & DARKNESS 4.) ALL SOULS JUDGED AT END OF TIME 5.) TEACHINGS SIMILAR TO CONCEPTS IN JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY, & ISLAM

72. D. PERSIAN LEGACY (CULTURAL LEGACY) 1. PRESERVED MESOPOTAMIAN CULTURE 2. DEVELOPED SYSTEM OF TOLERANT GOVERNMENT BASED ON STANDARD LAWS, COINAGE & ROAD BUILDING

73. ROYAL ROAD