1. Cells J. Hinson Human Anatomy and Physiology JCHS http://www.amersol.edu.pe/class09/_09sschee/7th/science/cell/images/animalcell.gif

2. Introduction 75 trillion cells in the body Vary in size, shape, content, and function –Most common structures: nucleus and cytoplasm http://www.crossroadsinitiativ e.com/pics/Theology_of_the_B ody_Christopher_West_DaVinci.jpg

3. I. The Cell Membrane A.Function: maintains “wholeness”; controls entrance and exit of substances 1. Semipermeable or selectively permeable http://library.thinkquest.org /C004535/media/cell_mem brane.gif

4. I. Cell Membrane B. Structure 1. lipids and proteins 2. Phospholipid bilayer a. hydrophilic phosphate heads b. hydrophobic fatty acid tails 3. oily a. lipid soluble molecules, but not water soluble can freely pass b. embedded cholesterols

5. I. Cell Membrane B. Structure 4. Proteins a. fibrous b. carrier c.glycoproteins http://lhs.lps.org/ staff/sputnam/Bio logy/U3Cell/mem brane_1.png

6. II. Cytoplasm A.jelly-like fluid fills the cell B.Site of metabolic activities http://sun.menloschool.org/~cweaver/cells/c/cytoplasm/jrcytoplasm.jpg http://sciencecity.oupchina.c om.hk/biology/student/gloss ary/img/cytoplasm.jpg

7. III. Organelles A. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 1.Structure: membrane-bound sacs/canals 2.Function: a.Rough: ribosomes site of protein synthesis b. Smooth: lipid synthesis http://www.fairfield.k12. ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlins on03/CellProject04/Per2/ 2MS/endoplasmic_reticul um.jpg http://www.lifesci.susse x.ac.uk/home/Julian_Th orpe/tem3.jpg

8. III. Organelles B. RIBOSOMES 1.Structure: a.May be attached or free floating particles b.made of proteins and RNA 2.Function: protein synthesis http://iup ucbio2.iu pui.edu/a natomy/i mages/Ch apt02/FG 02_11.jpg http://www.rockefeller. edu/rucal/j ourney/ribo somes.gif

9. III. Organelles C. GOLGI APPARATUS 1.Structure: stack of flattened membranes 2.Function: package and refine proteins 3.Transport vesicles move refined proteins to other cell parts http://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/toml inson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/ Per2/2JD/golgi.jpg http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/golgiapparatusmicroscope.jpeg

10. III. Organelles D. MITOCHONDRIA 1.Structure: fluid-filled elongated sac a.Double membrane - cristae: folded layer 2.Function: ENERGY!! http://www.abcbo dybuilding.com/m agazine03/mitoch ondria.jpg http://cel lbio.utmb.edu/cell bio/mitm or4.jpg

11. III. Organelles E. LYSOSOMES 1.Structure: tiny membranous sac 2.Function: enzymes break down foreign molecules and wastes http://www.visualsunlimited.com/ima ges/watermarked/350/350789.jpg http://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ct omlinson03/CellProject04/Per4/4BRL/lysos omes.jpg

12. III. Organelles F. CENTROSOME 1.Structure: near nucleus, 2 hollow cylinders form centrioles 2.Function: role in cellular reproduction http://w ww- ijpb.vers ailles.inr a.fr/en/s gap/equi pes/cyto /images/ centroso me.jpg

13. III. Organelles G. VESICLES 1.Structure: membranous sac formed by cell membrane 2.Function: move materials throughout cell http://www.visualsunlimited.com/images/ watermarked/284/284900.jpg http://ww w- cse.stanfor d.edu/class es/sophom ore- college/pro jects- 01/cellular - automata/ beginning/ vesicles.jp g

14. III. Organelles H. Other cellular structures 1.Cilia a.Structure: short, hair-like projections w/ “to and fro” movements b.Function: movement; Ex: epithelial cells http://www.uib.no/med/mic /gallery/pictures/SEM/SEM- large/ciliated- epithelium_870.jpg

15. III. Organelles H. Other cellular structures 2. Flagella a.Structure: long, whiplike projection w/ wave-like movements b.Function: movement; Ex: sperm cells http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/4 00000/images/_404096_single_sper m300.jpg http://im ages.live science.c om/imag es/05033 0_sperm _egg_01. jpg

16. III. Organelles H. Other cellular structures 3. Microfilaments a.Structure: tiny protein rods b.Function: cellular movement 4. Microtubules (spindle fibers) a.Structure: thick tubes of protein b.Function: maintain cell structure; strength to motile processes These make up the CYTOSKELETON!

17. CYTOSKELETON

18. IV. The Nucleus 1.Structure: large, spherical; w/in nuclear envelope 1.porous 2.Nucleolus: dense area of ribosome synthesis; ”little nucleus” 3.Chromatin → Chromosomes http://www.cdli.ca/~dpower/cell/nucleus.jpg http://blogofthe.s57.xrea.com/media/1/20040407-nucleus.jpg

19. V. Cell Cycle A. Interphase G 1 : Growth S: Synthesis of DNA G 2 : Growth and mitosis prep M: Mitosis (nuclear division) C: Cytokinesis (cytoplasm division) http://www.isd2184.net/~jensenje/biology/BioReviewWeb/U2Re viewWeb/mitosisWeb/Images/Cellcyclediagram.jpg

20. V. Cell Cycle B. MITOSIS 1.Prophase 2.Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telephase http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/booksellers/press_release/studentscience/gif/mitosis1.gif

21. INTERPHASE PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE MITOSIS

22. V. Cell Cycle C. CYTOKINESIS Two identical daughter cells formed. http://raven.zoology.washington.edu/celldynamics/research/cytokinesis/images/SdTeloAT.jpg

23. D. DIFFERENTIATION http://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss_module08_lymph_leuk/images/illu_blood_cell_lineage.jpg

24. V. Cellular Movements A. PASSIVE TRANSPORT No cellular energy (ATP) required. 1.Diffusion: molecules move from areas of high concentration to low (down the concentration gradient) a.Equilibrium: solute evenly distributed w/in solvent b.Ex: exchange of O 2 /CO 2 in the lungs

25. DIFFUSIONDIFFUSIONDIFFUSIONDIFFUSION http://www.indiana.edu/~phys215/lecture/lecnotes/lecgraphics/diffusion2.gif http://www.physics.umd.edu/lecdem/services/demos/demosi6/i6-23.gif

26. V. Cellular Movements A. PASSIVE TRANSPORT 2. Facilitated Diffusion: carrier protein moves a glucose molecule a.Promoted by insulin http://www.biologia- it.arizona.edu/cell_bio/problem_sets/ membranes/graphics/CHANNEL.GIF

27. V. Cellular Movements A. PASSIVE TRANSPORT 3. Osmosis a.Diffusion of water b.Controlled by osmotic pressure c.Three types of solutions

28. (1)(2)(3) http://biology.unm.edu/c council/Biology_124/Ima ges/tonicity1.jpeg

29. OSMOSIS

30. V. Cellular Movements A. PASSIVE TRANSPORT 4. Filtration a.Hydrostatic pressure, like blood pressure, forces molecules through membrane b.Separate solids from water

31. V. Cellular Movements B. ACTIVE TRANSPORT Cellular energy (ATP) required. 1.Active Transport: molecules move from areas of low concentration to high (against the concentration gradient) a.Provides ~ 40% of cells energy b.Protein carrier molecules are used.

32. ACTIVE TRANSPORT http://www.biol ogie.uni- hamburg.de/b- online/library/bi ology107/bi107 vc/fa99/terry/i mages/ATPpum A.gif

33. V. Cellular Movements B. ACTIVE TRANSPORT 2. Endocytosis: entry of molecules too large to be moved by AT/PT. a.Pinocytosis: membrane pinches inward to take in liquid b.Phagocytosis: membrane pinches inward to take in solid 3. Exocytosis: outward bulge of membrane for large molecule exit

34. Endocytosis vs. http://www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/GIFS/exocyt.gif http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/images/pinocyt.gif Exocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis