2. evolution

3. What is evolution? A gradual change in the genes of a population of organisms over time

5. Humans Chimpanzees Gorillas Common ancestor of apes and humans (8-10 mya) Did humans evolve from apes? NO!!!

6. What is meant by “last common ancestor?” You Cousin Aunt Mom Grandparent Last common ancestor of you and your cousin

8. Evolution is a theory. What does this mean? A theory in science is a well tested explanation of observable events supported by experimental evidence collected over time.

9. Who is the founder of evolution?

10. Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Individuals with the best adaptations for their environment survive and pass on their genes (natural selection) All living species compete with each other All living things change over time All species on earth (both alive and extinct) share a common heritage

11. Natural Selection Individuals with adaptations best suited to local environments survive and reproduce EXAMPLES OF NATURAL SELECTION

12. Land of the SMILEYS Environment Changes Blue SMILEYS have an advantage over the red SMILEYS

13. Camouflage

14. Walking stick

15. Viceroy -edible Monarch -poisoness Mimicry

16. Bacterial Growth - no antibiotic present mutation Antibiotic is present All bacteria with mutation are resistant to the antibiotic ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

17. Sea Turtle Nesting Behavior

18. Imprinting

19. Evidence for Evolution Fossil Record Homologous and vestigial structures Embryological similarities Biochemical (DNA, RNA, proteins) * * * = Evidence used by Darwin *

20. Fossil Record Oldest fossils in lower layers Younger fossils in top layers The fossil record contains clues as To how organisms changed over time.

21. How is the age of a fossil determined?

22. Structures with different functions, but similar design and origin Structure suggests they may have developed from a common ancestor

24. Vestigial Structures A structure that serves no useful purpose to an organism’s survival

27. Embryological similarities

29. Biochemical comparisons Evolutionary relationships between organisms are constructed using similarities in DNA, RNA, or proteins

30. nn CHIMPS GORILLAS HUMANS 98% SIMILAR 97% SIMILAR 97% SIMILAR How similar is our DNA?

31. Evolution of Populations Population Genetics Populations evolve, NOT individuals

32. Gene Pools and Allelic Frequency What is a gene pool? - All of the genes in a population of organisms What is allelic frequency? - the percentage of a particular allele in the gene pool

33. What causes a change in the gene pool? Mutations Mutations Gene Shuffling (meiosis and sexual reproduction) Gene Shuffling (meiosis and sexual reproduction) *evolution occurs due to changes in the gene pool

34. How do new species arise?

35. Geographic Isolation A population is isolated from other members of its own species by a barrier (mountain range, river, road, large body of water, town, etc.)

36. Geographic Isolation Island A Island B Species are separated from each other by a barrier Over time each species adapts to conditions in their own environment Over time, changes occur to the DNA of each species due to natural selection and mutations

37. Reproductive Isolation -When two different populations can’t breed with each other and produce fertile offspring, they are said to be reproductively isolated* *Speciation has occurred - the evolution of a new species.

38. Example: Abert and Kaibab Squirrels from Grand Canyon

39. Speciation -When two populations are isolated from each other for a long time, they may become two different species. -When two different populations can’t breed with each other and produce fertile offspring, they are said to be reproductively isolated

40. Who were our ancestors?

42. Hominid Skulls Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens

45. Convergent Evolution Different species in similar environments evolve similar adaptations.

47. Homework - List the following life process in the order in which they are thought to have evolved. Photosynthesis Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration * Briefly explain your reasoning for each of your choices