1. High School Biology Class
CHAPTER 20: Protists
High School Biology Class

2. Kingdom Protista
Sometimes called “The Catchall Kingdom” because the organisms in it are those that have eukaryotic cells, but are NOT fungi, plants, or animals.
Usually protists are identified by what they are NOT (i.e. bacteria, fungi, plant, or animal) rather than what they actually are.

3. What is a Protist?
Protists - are members of the Kingdom Protista, a large and extremely varied group.
There are currently over 115,000 species (very diverse) of protists that have been classified.

4. What is a Protist?
The only trait that all protists have in common is that they all have a nucleus (eukaryotic cells).
Protists are the hardest kingdom of organisms to classify because they do NOT share many traits.

5. Protist Examples

6. Protist Facts
The word protist is from from the Greek word protistos, which mean “first.”
Knowing this makes it easier to remember that protists were the “first eukaryotes” to evolve.
Fossils indicate that Protists arose about 1.5 mya.

7. Protist Facts
Scientists hypothesize that protists evolved from bacteria that had formed symbiotic relationships. (Theory of Endosymbiosis)

8. Protist Types
Scientists also hypothesize that protists diverged to create the Fungi, Plant and Animal Kingdoms.
Therefore, there are three types of Protists:
Fungi-like Protists
Plant-like Protists
Animal-like Protists

9. Plant-like
Animal-like
Fungi-like
PROTISTS

10. Characteristics of Protists:
Some photosynthetic (like plants)
Some ingest food (like animals)
Some absorb food (like fungi)
All are Eukaryotic
Some with cell walls (some without)
Unicellular OR Multicellular
Autotrophic OR Heterotrophic

11. They Were the 1st Kingdom to Exhibit:
* Sexual reproduction
* Multicellularity
* Mitosis and Meiosis
* Complex flagella and cilia
Sexual Reproduction
Flagella
Cilia

12. Other Names Include: Protozoa = Heterotrophic protists
Algae = Autotrophic (Photosynthetic) protists
Protozoa
Algae

13.                                                                                                                                                                 
Reproduction:
Usually protists reproduce ASEXUALLY in one of the following manners:
- Mitosis
(like in fungi/animal/plant cells)
- Binary Fission
(like in bacteria)

14. Reproduction Continued:
Sometimes protists reproduce SEXUALLY:
* Sexually in “Unicellular Protists”
- During unfavorable conditions (lack of food and other resources) pairs of gametes fuse together into a zygote with a thick protective wall (zygospore).

15. Reproduction Continued:
Sometimes protists reproduce SEXUALLY:
* Sexually in “Multicellular Protists”
- Alternation of Generations = having both diploid and haploid phases.

16. Reproduction Continued:
Sometimes protists reproduce SEXUALLY:
* Sexually in “Multicellular Protists”
- Conjugation = a union of two protists to exchange genetic material.

17. Type of Animal-like Protists:
1. Sarcodines (Rhizopoda)
Example: Amoebas
Pseudopodia (false feet) - cytoplasmic extensions for movement and feeding.
Facts:
Parasites
Disease = Entamoeba histoltica
Binary Fission
Amoebas proteus

18. Type of Plant-like Protists:
2. Diatoms (Bacilliarophyta)
Photosynthetic, unicellular protists with unique double shells (made of silica) that looks like glass.
Facts:
Reproduce asexually
Found in oceans and lakes
Diatoms

19. Type of Plant-like Protists:
3. Algae – Phototrophs
Green Algae (Chlorophyta) – have the same pigments (chlorophyll A & B) as in plants.
Produce 30-50% of the Earth’s Oxygen
Green Algae

20. Type of Plant-like Protists:
3. Algae - Phototrophs
Red Algae (Rhodophyta) - multicellular organisms found in warm ocean waters.
May live near in water or on land.
Red Algae

21. Type of Plant-like Protists:
3. Algae - Phototrophs
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) - multicellular and found mostly in cool marine type environments.
Example: Kelp
The largest organism on Earth.
Brown Algae
Kelp

22. Type of Plant-like Protists:
3. Algae - Phototrophs
Golden Algae (Chrysophyta) – unicellular or multicellular organisms that show a great deal of diversity as both autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Golden Algae

23. Type of Plant-like Protists:
4. Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata)
Unicellular, phototrophs with 2 flagella that are used for movement.
Facts:
Parasites
Disease = Red Tide
Binary Fission
Dinoflagella

24. Red Tide
Red Tide is the term used to describe the rapid reproduction of plankton (dinoflagellates). Red Tide affects soft-shell clams, mussels, oysters, and scallops.
Symptoms include tingling in fingers, lips, and tongue as well as
headaches, dizziness, nausea, muscular paralysis and respiratory paralysis.

25. Type of Animal-like Protists:
5. Zoomastigotes (Zoomastigina)
Unicellular, heterotrophs with one flagella.
Example: Trypanosomes
Protists that can cause African Sleeping Sickness.
Facts:
Parasites or symbionts
Disease = Trypanosoma gambiense
Binary Fission or Meiosis
Termites need them to live (digest cellulose)
Trypanosomes

26. African Sleeping Sickness
African Sleeping Sickness is caused by the tsetse flies which bites a person or animal and injects the trypanosome protist into the victim.
Among the first symptoms and signs of African sleeping sickness are headaches, irregular fevers, swollen tissues and joint pains.
At a later stage the parasites invade the brain, which usually leads to mental disorders, coma and eventually death.

27. Type of Plant-like Protists:
6. Euglenoids (Euglenophyta)
Freshwater, unicellular protists with two flagella.
Example: Euglena
a) Pellicide - protein layer inside cell membrane.
b) Eyespot – (photoreceptor) moves toward light.

28. Type of Animal-like Protists:
7. Ciliates (Ciliophora)
Cilia - short flagella (hairs) used for movement.
Unicellular heterotrophs with two nuclei.
Example: Paramecium
Reproduce by mitosis or conjugation.
Facts:
Macronucleus = cell growth
Micronucleus = cell reproduction
Contractile Vacuole – pumps water out
Paramecium

29. Type of Fungi-like Protists:
8. Cellular Slime Molds (Acrasiomycota)
Resemble amoebas, but during environmental stress, they form colonies that reproduce by spores.
Fuligo septica

30. Type of Fungi-like Protists:
9. Plasmodial Slime Molds (Myxomycota)
Plasmodium - mass of cytoplasm that
looks like oozing slime (contain 1,000 nuclei).
Physarum

31. Type of Fungi-like Protists:
10. Water Molds (Oomycota)
Parasites with two flagella (1 in front and 1 in back).
Saproglenia

32. Type of Animal-like Protists:
11. Sporozoans (Sporozoa)
Parasitic protists that form spores during reproduction.
Cause malaria and toxoplasmosis.
Facts:
Parasites
Disease = Plasmodium species
Disease = Toxoplasmosis gondii
Nonmotile
Complicated Life Cycle

33. Malaria
Malaria is caused by the mosquito which bites a person or animal and injects the plasmodium protist into the victim.
Malaria can cause a variety of symptoms including general malaise, fever, vomiting, pain, anemia, and convulsions.
If left untreated, some infected individuals can lapse into a coma, and severe anemia is often a cause of death.

35. Protist Diseases: ~ Protists cause diseases in humans and animals -
(Page 490 Table 22-3)

36. Protists Are Beneficial As Well:
1) Human and Animal Digestion
Example: Cattle can digest hay and grass because various protists can help them break it down into simpler substances.

37. Protists Are Beneficial As Well:
2) Plankton in Oceans Support Food Chains
Example: Plankton/Algae are the largest group of organisms that can perform photosynthesis and thus make food for others.

38. Protists Are Beneficial As Well:
3) Photosynthesize and Produce Oxygen
Example: Algae are the largest group of organisms that can perform photosynthesis and thus make oxygen for others.
ALGAE

39. Protists Are Beneficial As Well:
4) Recycle Nitrogen, Carbon and Phosphorus
Nitrogen Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle

40. Protist Fun:

41. Any Questions? “Information is the currency of democracy.”
--Ralph Nader
“There is an old saying that the course of civilization is a race between catastrophe and education. In a democracy such as ours, we must make sure that education wins the race.”
--JFK