1. Rudolf Minkowski Jeffrey M. Silverman Astro 290B UC Berkeley 4/25/2006

2. Rudolf Minkowski Picture courtesy of Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Science

3. Rudolf Minkowski Picture courtesy of The Archives of the California Institute of Technology

4. The Radio Galaxy Cygnus A Taken from the original article by Baade and Minkowski, the image shows a negative of Cygnus A taken at different wavelengths. Photo courtesy of The Astrophysical Journal

5. Walter Baade Picture courtesy of the Bruce Medalists website:

6. Palomar 48-inch Schmidt Telescope Picture courtesy of the National Parks Service’s Palomar website:

7. Palomar 200-inch Hale Telescope Picture courtesy of Wikipedia:

8. Rudolf Minkowski Picture courtesy of Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Science

9. Minkowski Observing at Palomar: “Where is that thing?...I think that’s it over there…[sound of slow motion motor] Damn! Wrong button [slow motion again]...there it is...now where’s that little double to the left?...no that’s not it...[to the night assistant]…try a little west...stop![to himself]…here it comes…[slow motion]...Ah! Too Much!...[slow motion]...Now I've got it [sound of dark slide opening; then, to the night assistant]…Start the exposure! I'll take three hours on this one. You can rest a while.” This is followed by a long sigh, then he began to hum “Ode to Joy” from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony.

10. References: Osterbrock, Donald E., Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Science, 54, 271-98, 1983. Plicht, Chris, Rudolph Minkowski,. Robinson, I., et al, 1965, Quasi-Stellar Sources and Gravitational Collapse, Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Tenn, Joseph S., The Bruce Medalists: Rudolph Minkowski, 2004,.

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