1. Aim: Was the Byzantine Empire more alike or different from Rome? Do Now: Are you more alike or different from your parents? Why do you think that is? NY State Standards 2, 3 Common Core RS 6, 9, WS 1

2. I Rome Wasn’t Dead Yet! A) Recall that Diocletian divided the Roman Empire in half. Under Constantine, Constantinople became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. When the Roman Empire fell in the West in 476 CE, the Empire continued in the East for almost 1000 more years! Historians remember it as the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople’s former name was Byzantium. Today, it is the city of Istanbul in modern day Turkey.

4. Constantine’s Column, Istanbul (formerly Constantinople)

5. Rome Wasn’t Dead Yet! Continued… B) Constantinople was located on the Bosphorus, a strait that links the Black and Mediterranean Seas. *It also links Europe and Asia!

6. E) Hippodrome A sports arena for chariot racing.

7. II Age of Justinian (Ruled 527 – 565 CE) A) His goal was to revive the glory of Rome.

8. Land added to the Byzantine Empire by Emperor Justinian

9. Age of Justinian Continued… B) He built the Hagia Sophia Church“Holy Wisdom” in 537 CE. The interior dome is covered in gold. “O Solomon I have surpassed you!” When Constantinople was captured by the Ottoman Turks, the Hagia Sophia was converted to a mosque. Today it is a museum.

11. Age of Justinian Continued… C) Justinian organized Roman laws into the “Body of Civil Law”. Today it is known as the Justinian Code. It protected Roman laws from disappearing.

12. Justinian Code Excerpts Book One, Of Persons 3. The maxims of laws are these: to live honestly, to hurt no one, to give everyone his due. Book Two, Of Things 5. The public use of the seashore is part of the law of nations, as is that of the sea itself; and, therefore, any person is at liberty to place on it a cottage, to which he may retreat, or to dry his nets there, and haul them from the sea; for the shores may be said to be the property of no man. Book XVII Buying & Selling 1. It is necessary that a price should be agreed upon, for there can be no sale without a price… a sale is not considered to be completed unless an instrument of sale has been drawn up…

13. III Theodora (500 – 548 CE) A)Born into the lowest class of Byzantine society, but married Justinian 523 CE (before he became Emperor) B) She acted as a joint ruler with her husband Theodora's father was the bear keeper at the Hippodrome. Theodora began her career first as an actress, which was considered to be a disgraceful profession.

14. Theodora Continued… C) In 532 CE, a 5 day rebellion broke out at the Hippodrome (the Nika Revolt). The protesters set many buildings on fire, and declared a new emperor. Justinian wanted to flee the city. On the fifth day, January 19, Hypatius, a nephew of a former ruler, was declared the new emperor. This is when Theodora convinced her husband to stay and fight. Approximately 30,000 people died as a result. www.smithsonianmag.com/history/blue-versus-green-rocking-the- byzantine-empire-iv

15. Theodora Continued… D) She helped create reforms to help women. - Banned killing of unwanted babies -Gave women property rights in divorce -Banned the murder of a wife who committed adultery - Closed brothels

16. “Greek Fire” Byzantines used “Greek fire”, a weapon similar to a flame thrower, to fight Muslims.

17. IV Byzantine Christianity A) The Byzantine Church was headed by the Patriarch. *Rejected the authority of the Pope* B) Byzantine clergy could marry (After 1100s priests in the West could not) C) Greek, not Latin was the language of the Orthodox Church D) In the 8th century, the Byzantine Emperor banned icons (images of religious figures). This led to a schism (permanent split) with the Western “Catholic” Church. The icon ban was lifted in 867. E) In 1054 the Pope and the Patriarch excommunicated each other. This is known as the Great Schism. The excommunications were not lifted until 1965! Excommunication was to many a punishment worse than death! It meant that you were no longer allowed to receive the Holy Sacraments, and were doomed to eternity in hell.

18. Byzantine Icons

19. Western “Catholic” Church Eastern Orthodox Church

20. Western “Catholic” Church Eastern Orthodox Church Both are branches within Christianity Both believe that Jesus is the messiah and read the New Testament. Both use icons today Headed by the Pope in Rome. Official language is Latin. Clergy cannot marry. Icons were always allowed. Headed by the Patriarch. (Located in Constantinople during the Byzantine Empire) Official language is Greek. Clergy can marry. There had been a temporary ban on icons in the middle ages.

21. Pope John Paul II and Patriarch Bartholomew I, 2005, Istanbul.

22. V The Collapse of the Byzantine Empire A)Beginning in the 11 th century, the Byzantine empire was attacked by Muslim Seljuk (Ottoman) Turks multiple times. B)In 1202 CE, Christian knights from Western Europe arrived in Constantinople on their way to Jerusalem during the 4 th crusade. (The goal was to take Jerusalem back from the Seljuk Turks). Due to a broken promise of money, the knights attacked Constantinople! C)In 1453 CE the Seljuk Turks captured Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul. *This officially marked the end of the Roman Empire! D)To avoid confrontation with the Seljuk Turks who had control of the western end of the Silk Road, Europeans needed to find alternate routes to India and the East for spices and silk.

25. Summary Questions 1.What is the significance of the Hagia Sophia? 2.If the Justinian Code had not been written, what may have happened to ancient Roman law and why? 3.How should Theodora be remembered? 4.Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Schism. Would you support the Western (Catholic) or the Eastern Orthodox Church? Explain your answer. 5.What were two reasons for the collapse of the Byzantine Empire? 6.Was the Byzantine Empire more similar or different from the Roman Empire? Use at least three pieces of evidence to support your answer.

26. Key Vocabulary 4th Crusade Bosphorus Byzantine Empire Constantine Constantinople Diocletian Excommunicate Great Schism Hagia Sophia Hippodrome Icons Istanbul Justinian Justinian’s Code Nika Revolt Patriarch Schism Seljuk Turks Theodora