1. BELL WORK

2. Chapter 2: Ancient Egypt

3. Warm-Up Activity
History Alive Experiential Exercise!

4. Section 1: Geography of Ancient Egypt The Gift of the Nile
The Nile is the world’s longest river (4,000 miles long) beginning in central Africa and running north to the Med. Sea
Upper Egypt has cataracts, strong rapids, as you move further south
Lower Egypt includes the Nile River Delta, which included the most fertile farmland

5. Lower and Upper Egypt?!

6. The Floods of the Nile Egypt’s climate- hot, dry, and desert-like
Regular, gentle flooding brought silt, which made Egyptians able to farm better and live more securely
Without this flooding, settlement would have been impossible!

7. Civilization Develops
Planted wheat, barley, fruits, and veggies
Raised cattle and sheep
Lots of fishing opportunities
Used irrigation
Geography provided natural protection with the desert, Med. and Red Seas, and the cataracts
By 3200 BC, Egypt grew into 2 kingdoms: Upper and Lower Egypt

8. Kings Unify Egypt 3100 BC, Menes aka Narmer takes power in Upper E.
Invaded Lower Egypt and married the princess
Wore a white and red crown to symbolize his leadership over both kingdoms
Menes is Egypt’s first pharaoh and founded Egypt’s first dynasty, a line of rulers from the same family
Built the capital of Memphis
31 different dynasties would rule over Egypt

9. Section 2: The Old Kingdom Early Egyptian Society
Old Kingdom lasted from 2700 BC to 2200 BC
Believed pharaoh was both king and god and that Egypt belonged to the gods
Pharaoh had absolute power and had many responsibilities
Hired government officials to help carry out duties
Famous O.K. pharaoh- Khufu who built many monuments

10. Social Structure Pharaoh Nobles (officials and priests)
Scribes and Craftspeople
Farmers, Servants, and Slaves (80% of pop.)

11. Egypt and Its Neighbors
Sumerian and Nubian artwork influenced the Egyptians
Traded with Nubia with gold, ivory, slaves and stone
Also traded with Punt on the Red Sea to get incense and myrrh (used for perfume and medicine)
Traded wood with Syria

12. Egypt’s Religion Were polytheistic
Built many temples, which accepted payments from all people
Certain cities became centers for specific gods (ex: Memphis had Ptah, the creator of the world)
Gods represented natural things like the sun, sky, and earth and had animal/human forms
Re, Horus, Isis, and Osiris were important gods

13. Emphasis on the Afterlife
Afterlife- life after death
It was a happy place 
Your ka (life force) would leave your body and become a spirit, but could not leave burial site
People filled the tomb with everything the ka would need like food, clothing, tools, etc.

14. Burial Practices
The body had to be prepared and preserved for the afterlife before burial
Developed embalming, which allowed the body to be preserved for many years as mummies, bodies wrapped in cloth
Embalming took several weeks and steps
Only the elite could afford to have mummies made

15. The Pyramids Burial sites were also important
Pyramids were used as large tombs for the pharaohs
Began being built during the Old Kingdom
Many are still standing today
Best known and largest is the Great Pyramid of Khufu
Are amazing feats of engineering, application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

16. 481 feet tall!!!! Used 2 million stone blocks
The Great Pyramid
481 feet tall!!!! Used 2 million stone blocks

17. WIO
Write a step-by-step Comic Strip for “Making a Mummy”. Use the details in your book and use the following vocabulary:

18. Bell Work

19. Section 3: The Middle and New Kingdoms The Middle Kingdom
200 years of confusion followed the Old Kingdom b/c nobles battled each other for power
Middle Kingdom began in 2050 BC with the rule of Mentuhotep II and lasted until 1750 BC
The Hyksos invaded in the mid-1700s BC with chariots and advanced weapons
Mid-1500s BC- Ahmose drove out the Hyksos

20. The New Kingdom New Kingdom: 1550 BC to 1050 BC
Egypt reaches its height of power during this period
To better protect itself, Egypt invades other lands including the Hyksos, Syria, the eastern shore of the Med. Sea, and Kush
Conquests made Egypt rich because they had to send tribute to Egypt
The Assyrians, Babylonians, and Hittites also sent Egypt wealth to keep up good relations

21. Growth and its Effects on Trade
Conquests also helped Egypt improve trade as they came into contact with more lands and gained more resources
Trade routes developed
Queen Hatshepsut increased trade with Punt, Asia Minor, and Greece
She used the wealth to support arts and architecture
Ex: Temple of Hatshepsut at Thebes

22. Temple of Hatshepsut

23. Invasions of Egypt
Ramses the Great defended Egypt successfully against the Hittites and formed the first peace treaty with them.
Ramses fought off the Tehenu from the west and built forts for defense
After Ramses’ death, the Sea Peoples were turned away by Egypt after 50 years of fighting
Egypt itself remained intact, but it lost its empire and the New Kingdom ends

24. Work and Daily Life
Scribes: held an honored position, worked for the government and temples, kept records and accounts, wrote texts, no taxes!
Artisans, Artists, and Architects: required advanced skills and included people like sculptors, builders, jewelers etc., worked for the government and temples

25. Work and Daily Life (cont)
Soldiers: part of a professional arm, received land as payment and could keep captured treasure, could become officers
Farmers and Peasants: made up the majority of Egyptian pop., worked together to plant and gather the harvest, gave crops to pharaoh as taxes, would work for the pharaoh on building projects when the Nile flooded

26. Work and Daily Life (cont)
Slaves: worked on farms, building projects, and in households. Had some legal rights and could earn their freedom.

27. Family Life Men married young to start families
Women took care of the home and children, but some could serve as priestesses, administrators, or artisans. Had legal rights such as owning property, making contracts, and divorce!
Most children received an education where they learned morals, writing, math, and sports
At 14, boys left school to enter their father’s job

28. BELL WORK

29. Section 4: Egyptian Achievements Writing
Hieroglyphics- Egyptian writing system that used picture symbols to represent sounds
Made papyrus- a paper-like material made from reeds that they wrote on using brushes and ink
Included more than 600 symbols
Can be written horizontally or vertically

30. The Rosetta Stone
Archaeologists didn’t know how to read hieroglyphics for many years
AD a French soldier found the Rosetta Stone, which had Egyptian hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that all said the same message
This made historians able to translate ancient Egyptian!

31. Egyptian Texts Used hieroglyphics in government and historical records
Scientific texts
Calendar
Medical manuals
Stories, poems, mythological tales
The Book of the Dead that tells about the afterlife

32. Egyptian Temples Temples were the homes of the gods
Contained rows of sphinxes, which have bodies of lions and heads of other animals or humans
Also had obelisks, which are tall, 4-sided pillars with a pointed top
The insides were decorated with paintings, hieroglyphics, and statues of gods and pharaohs
Examples: Temple of Karnak, Temple of Ramses II

33. Temple of Karnak

34. Temple of Ramses II

35. Egyptian Art
Painted scenes on canvas, papyrus, pottery, plaster, and wood
Detailed works also covered temple walls and tombs
Show historical events and religious rituals
Were also skilled stoneworkers
Worked with gold and other precious stones to make jewelry and burial items
The tomb of King Tut was a major treasure find filled with jewelry, robes, statues, etc.

36. Examples of Egyptian Art