1. 1 Designing IP EE 122: Intro to Communication Networks Fall 2010 (MW 4-5:30 in 101 Barker) Scott Shenker TAs: Sameer Agarwal, Sara Alspaugh, Igor Ganichev, Prayag Narula http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee122/ Materials with thanks to Jennifer Rexford, Ion Stoica, Vern Paxson and other colleagues at Princeton and UC Berkeley

2. 2 Goals of Today’s Lecture Transitioning from high-level principles to low-level design Review basic design decisions Discuss the design of IP –The “what” and “why” of the IP header Compare with IPv6

3. Review of Basic Design Decisions 3

4. Five Basic Design Decisions (so far) 1.Packet-switching 2.Best-effort service model 3.Layering 4.A single internetworking layer 5.The end-to-end principle (and fate-sharing) 4

5. 1. What is Packet Switching? Divide messages into a sequence of packets Network deals with each packet individually –What is an alternative to this? Means that each packet must contain all relevant network information in its header –Design of protocol almost synonymous with header 5

6. Why Packet-Switching? Achieve higher levels of utilization –Statistical multiplexing –Why is this more important for the Internet than for the phone network? Avoid per-flow state inside the network –Plenty of routing state, but no per-flow state –Follows from notion of fate-sharing –Enables robust fail-over Why not virtual circuits? –The notion of “soft-state” is midway between DG and VC 6

7. 7 2. What is “Best Effort”? Network makes no service guarantees –Just gives its “best effort Service can be imperfect –Packets may be lost –Packets may be corrupted –Packets may be delivered out of order –Packet may be significantly delayed source destination IP network

8. 8 Why Best-Effort (BE)? BE means never having to say you’re sorry… –No need to reserve bandwidth and memory –No need to do error detection & correction –No need to remember from one packet to next –No need to make packets follow same path Easier to survive failures –Transient disruptions are okay during failover Simplifies interconnection between networks –Minimal service promises

9. But What About Applications? Some applications want more: –No losses or corruption, with packets delivered in order oThey just want the data –Minimal and predictable delays oAnd they want it now! Is Best Effort good enough for these applications? Perhaps most important question Internet got right 9

10. 10 Use Higher Layers to Compensate No error detection or correction –Higher-level protocol can provide error checking Successive packets may not follow the same path –Not a problem as long as packets reach the destination Packets can be delivered out-of-order –Receiver can put packets back in order (if necessary) Packets may be lost or arbitrarily delayed –Sender can send the packets again (if desired) –Receiver can buffer packets for smooth playout No network congestion control (beyond “drop”) –Sender can slow down in response to loss or delay

11. What Can’t Higher Layers Do? Higher layers cannot make delay smaller If applications needs guarantee of low-delay, then need to ensure adequate bandwidth –Will keep queueing delay low –No way to help with speed-of-light latency What applications need guaranteed low-delay? Can the Internet support phone calls? 11

12. 3. What is and Why Layering? Modularity partitions functionality into modules Laying is a particularly simple form of modularity Modules only deal with layers above and below –Simplifies interactions between modules –Simplifies introduction of new protocols 12

13. 4. Why one networking layer protocol? Unifies the architecture As long as applications can run over IP-based protocols, they can run on any network As long as networks support IP, they can run any application 13

14. 14 The Internet Hourglass Data Link Physical Applications The Hourglass Model Waist There is just one network-layer protocol, IP. The “narrow waist” facilitates interoperability. SMTPHTTPNTPDNS TCPUDP IP EthernetSONET 802.11 Transport FiberCopperRadio

15. Alternatives to universal IP? What would happen if we had more than one network layer protocol? Are there disadvantages to having only one network layer protocol? –Some loss of flexibility, but the gain in interoperability more than makes up for this –Because IP is embedded in applications and in interdomain routing, it is very hard to change –Having IP be universal made this mistake easier to make, but it didn’t cause this problem 15

16. 16 5. What is the End-to-End Principle? E2E Principle guides placement of functionality –If hosts can implement functionality correctly, implement it in a lower layer only as a performance enhancement –But do so only if it does not impose burden on applications that do not require that functionality Fate Sharing guides placement of state –Keep state on elements that rely on it, when possible

17. The Design of IP 17

18. 18 Designing IP What does it mean to “design” a protocol? Answer: specify the syntax of its messages and their meaning (semantics). –Syntax = elements in packet header, their types & layout orepresentation –Semantics = interpretation of elements oinformation What semantics do we need in the IP header?

19. What Info Should Header Provide? Getting the packet there: –Where is packet going? –Which protocol will process packet on host? Network handling of packet: –How should the packet be forwarded (e.g., priority) –Where does header and packet end? Dealing with problems: –Has header been corrupted? [Why not payload?] –Has packet been fragmented? oIf so, provide information needed to reconstruct –Is packet caught in a loop? oIf so, drop packet 19

20. Header Info (continued) Extensibility: (how can we let IP change?) –Which IP version and options are expected? Miscellaneous: –Where did packet come from? [Why is this needed?] 20

21. From Semantics to Syntax The past two slides discussed the kinds of information the header must provide Will now show the syntax (layout) of the header, and discuss the semantics in more detail 21

22. 22 5 Minute Break Questions Before We Proceed?

23. IP Packet Structure 4-bit Version 4-bit Header Length 8-bit Type of Service (TOS) 16-bit Total Length (Bytes) 16-bit Identification 3-bit Flags 13-bit Fragment Offset 8-bit Time to Live (TTL) 8-bit Protocol 16-bit Header Checksum 32-bit Source IP Address 32-bit Destination IP Address Options (if any) Payload

24. IP Packet Structure 4-bit Version 4-bit Header Length 8-bit Type of Service (TOS) 16-bit Total Length (Bytes) 16-bit Identification 3-bit Flags 13-bit Fragment Offset 8-bit Time to Live (TTL) 8-bit Protocol 16-bit Header Checksum 32-bit Source IP Address 32-bit Destination IP Address Options (if any) Payload

25. 25 IP Packet Header Fields Version number (4 bits) –Indicates the version of the IP protocol –Necessary to know what other fields to expect –Typically “4” (for IPv4), and sometimes “6” (for IPv6) Header length (4 bits) –Number of 32-bit words in the header –Typically “5” (for a 20-byte IPv4 header) –Can be more when IP options are used Type-of-Service (8 bits) –Allow packets to be treated differently based on needs –E.g., low delay for audio, high bandwidth for bulk transfer

26. IP Packet Structure 4-bit Version 4-bit Header Length 8-bit Type of Service (TOS) 16-bit Total Length (Bytes) 16-bit Identification 3-bit Flags 13-bit Fragment Offset 8-bit Time to Live (TTL) 8-bit Protocol 16-bit Header Checksum 32-bit Source IP Address 32-bit Destination IP Address Options (if any) Payload

27. 27 IP Packet Header Fields (Continued) Total length (16 bits) –Number of bytes in the packet –Maximum size is 65,535 bytes (2 16 -1) –… though underlying links may impose smaller limits Fragmentation: when forwarding a packet, an Internet router can split it into multiple pieces (“fragments”) if too big for next hop link Must reassemble to recover original packet –Need fragmentation information (32 bits) –Packet identifier, flags, and fragment offset

28. 28 Where Should Reassembly Happen? A1: router R2 1000 500 MTU=1000B MTU=500B MTU=1000B Host A Host B R1 R2 MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) = Maximum packet size handled by network 1000

29. 29 Where does Reassemble Happen? A2: end-host B (receiver) 500 MTU=1000B MTU=500B MTU=1000B Host A Host B R1 R2 MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) = Maximum packet size handled by network 1000

30. 30 Where does Reassemble Happen? A2: correct answer –Fragments can travel across different paths! 500 MTU=1000B MTU=500B MTU=1000B Host A Host B R1 R2 MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) = Maximum packet size handled by network 1000 R3 500

31. 31 Fragmentation, con’t Identifier (16 bits): used to tell which fragments belong together Flags (3 bits): –Reserved (RF): unused bit –Don’t Fragment (DF): instruct routers to not fragment the packet even if it won’t fit oInstead, they drop the packet and send back a “Too Large” ICMP control message oForms the basis for “Path MTU Discovery”, covered later –More (MF): this fragment is not the last one Offset (13 bits): what part of datagram this fragment covers in 8-byte units

32. 32 Example of Fragmentation Suppose we have a 4,000 byte datagram sent from host 1.2.3.4 to host 3.4.5.6 … … and it traverses a link that limits datagrams to 1,500 bytes Version 4 Header Length 5 Type of Service 0 Total Length: 4000 Identification: 56273 R/D/M 0/0/0 Fragment Offset: 0 TTL 127 Protocol 6 Checksum: 44019 Source Address: 1.2.3.4 Destination Address: 3.4.5.6 (3980 more bytes here)

33. 33 Example of Fragmentation (con’t) 20 4000 3980 20 1480 1500 20 1200 1220 20 1300 1320 Datagram split into 3 pieces Example:

34. 34 Example of Fragmentation, con’t Datagram split into 3 pieces. Possible first piece: Version 4 Header Length 5 Type of Service 0 Total Length: 1500 Identification: 56273 R/D/M 0/0/1 Fragment Offset: 0 TTL 127 Protocol 6 Checksum: xxx Source Address: 1.2.3.4 Destination Address: 3.4.5.6

35. 35 Example of Fragmentation, con’t Possible second piece: Version 4 Header Length 5 Type of Service 0 Total Length: 1220 Identification: 56273 R/D/M 0/0/1 Fragment Offset: 185 (185 * 8 = 1480) TTL 127 Protocol 6 Checksum: yyy Source Address: 1.2.3.4 Destination Address: 3.4.5.6

36. 36 Example of Fragmentation, con’t Possible third piece: Version 4 Header Length 5 Type of Service 0 Total Length: 1320 Identification: 56273 R/D/M 0/0/0 Fragment Offset: 335 (335 * 8 = 2680) TTL 127 Protocol 6 Checksum: zzz Source Address: 1.2.3.4 Destination Address: 3.4.5.6

37. 37 Offsets vs Numbering Fragments? Q: why use a byte-offset for fragments rather than a numbering each fragment? Ans #1: with a byte offset, the receiver can lay down the bytes in memory when they arrive Ans #2 (more fundamental): allows further fragmentation of fragments

38. IP Packet Structure 4-bit Version 4-bit Header Length 8-bit Type of Service (TOS) 16-bit Total Length (Bytes) 16-bit Identification 3-bit Flags 13-bit Fragment Offset 8-bit Time to Live (TTL) 8-bit Protocol 16-bit Header Checksum 32-bit Source IP Address 32-bit Destination IP Address Options (if any) Payload

39. 39 Time-to-Live (TTL) Field (8 bits) Potentially lethal problem –Forwarding loops can cause packets to cycle forever –As these accumulate, eventually consume all capacity Time-to-live field in packet header –Decremented at each hop, packet discarded if reaches 0 –…and “time exceeded” message is sent to the source oUsing “ICMP” control message; basis for traceroute

40. 40 IP Packet Header Fields (Continued) Protocol (8 bits) –Identifies the higher-level protocol oE.g., “6” for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) oE.g., “17” for the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) –Important for demultiplexing at receiving host oIndicates what kind of header to expect next IP header TCP headerUDP header protocol=6 protocol=17

41. 41 IP Packet Header Fields (Continued) Checksum (16 bits) –Complement of the ones-complement sum of all 16-bit words in the IP packet header If not correct, router discards packet oSo it doesn’t act on bogus information Checksum recalculated at every router –Why? –Why include TTL? –Why only header?

42. IP Packet Structure 4-bit Version 4-bit Header Length 8-bit Type of Service (TOS) 16-bit Total Length (Bytes) 16-bit Identification 3-bit Flags 13-bit Fragment Offset 8-bit Time to Live (TTL) 8-bit Protocol 16-bit Header Checksum 32-bit Source IP Address 32-bit Destination IP Address Options (if any) Payload

43. 43 IP Packet Header (Continued) Two IP addresses –Source IP address (32 bits) –Destination IP address (32 bits) Destination address –Unique identifier/locator for the receiving host –Allows each node to make forwarding decisions Source address –Unique identifier/locator for the sending host –Recipient can decide whether to accept packet –Enables recipient to send a reply back to source

44. IPv6

45. IPv4 and IPv6 Header Comparison VersionIHLType of ServiceTotal Length IdentificationFlags Fragment Offset Time to LiveProtocolHeader Checksum Source Address Destination Address OptionsPadding VersionTraffic ClassFlow Label Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit Source Address Destination Address IPv4 IPv6 Field name kept from IPv4 to IPv6 Fields not kept in IPv6 Name & position changed in IPv6 New field in IPv6

46. Summary of Changes Eliminated fragmentation Eliminated header length Eliminated checksum New options mechanism (next header) Expanded addresses Added Flow Label 46

47. IPv4 and IPv6 Header Comparison VersionIHLType of ServiceTotal Length IdentificationFlags Fragment Offset Time to LiveProtocolHeader Checksum Source Address Destination Address OptionsPadding VersionTraffic ClassFlow Label Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit Source Address Destination Address IPv4 IPv6 Field name kept from IPv4 to IPv6 Fields not kept in IPv6 Name & position changed in IPv6 New field in IPv6

48. 48 Next Lecture IP Addressing Read K&R: 4.4.2 If you want to check out IPv6: K&R 4.4.4