1. Inheritance Type/Subtype Relationship

2. Inheritance Idea: An object B of one type, termed child class, inherits from another object A of another type, termed parent class, if B can access the data and methods of A Idea: An object B of one type, termed child class, inherits from another object A of another type, termed parent class, if B can access the data and methods of A Loosely speaking, we can also say that the child class inherits from the parent class Loosely speaking, we can also say that the child class inherits from the parent class In Java every class inherits from the Object class, i.e. Object is parent to every class In Java every class inherits from the Object class, i.e. Object is parent to every class

3. The Class Object Extends any class, by definition Extends any class, by definition Has the general methods Has the general methods equals()-- meaning this and its parameter have the same content equals()-- meaning this and its parameter have the same content getClass()-- returns the class of the object that invokes it, e.g. getClass()-- returns the class of the object that invokes it, e.g. if (X.getClass()==IdTree.class)... if (X.getClass()==IdTree.class)... hashCode()-- computes the hash value of a key hashCode()-- computes the hash value of a key toString()-- converts the class to a string toString()-- converts the class to a string

4. Interfaces Inheritance is also employed here Inheritance is also employed here But interfaces inherit specification But interfaces inherit specification Classes inherit code (and data) Classes inherit code (and data) Thus classes derived from some abstract class will share an interface (proper inheritance) Thus classes derived from some abstract class will share an interface (proper inheritance) Inheritance of interfaces sometimes called subtyping Inheritance of interfaces sometimes called subtyping An object’s class indicates how the object is implemented An object’s class indicates how the object is implemented An object’s type refers to its interface An object’s type refers to its interface

5. Inheritance: Class vs Interface Class: An object’s implementation is given in terms of another’s implementation Class: An object’s implementation is given in terms of another’s implementation Interface (subtyping): One object can be used in place of another Interface (subtyping): One object can be used in place of another C++ and Java use both types of inheritance C++ and Java use both types of inheritance Smalltalk uses only class inheritance Smalltalk uses only class inheritance No subtyping, because variable types are not declared No subtyping, because variable types are not declared Instances of any class can be assigned to a variable as long as those instances support the operations performed on the variable’s operations Instances of any class can be assigned to a variable as long as those instances support the operations performed on the variable’s operations

6. Subclass, Subtype & Substitutability Subclass: Refers to the way of deriving, or inheriting, one class from another, i.e. in Java by the keyword extends Subclass: Refers to the way of deriving, or inheriting, one class from another, i.e. in Java by the keyword extends There are various heuristics to subclassing There are various heuristics to subclassing These are not recognizable from the program source, but rather from the kind of subclassing being implemented These are not recognizable from the program source, but rather from the kind of subclassing being implemented

7. Subclassing Taxonomy Specialization: the is_a relation. This is also the subtype relation, e.g. Physics is_a Science, Putin is_a Russian Specialization: the is_a relation. This is also the subtype relation, e.g. Physics is_a Science, Putin is_a Russian Composition: the has_a relation. E.g. a human has_a (n) arm. Composition: the has_a relation. E.g. a human has_a (n) arm. Specification: Parent has abstract methods that specify the behavior of the subclass Specification: Parent has abstract methods that specify the behavior of the subclass public MyGUI extends JFrame public MyGUI extends JFrame Most ideal type of inheritance Most ideal type of inheritance

8. Sublassing Taxonomy Construction:Just a trick, because there is no real relation between the class and its subclass (use the parent’s behavior) Construction:Just a trick, because there is no real relation between the class and its subclass (use the parent’s behavior) Use a Vector to implement a Stack: Use a Vector to implement a Stack: class Stack extends Vector{ public void push(Object item) addelement(item);} public boolean empty(){return isEmpty():}

9. Subclassing Taxonomy Generalization: generalize the behavior of the parent (the opposite of specialization). Generalization: generalize the behavior of the parent (the opposite of specialization). If you implement a background color Black&White and use this to define a BWWindow class, you generalize if you derive a ColorWindow from it. If you implement a background color Black&White and use this to define a BWWindow class, you generalize if you derive a ColorWindow from it. Better: subclass the other way round Better: subclass the other way round

10. Subclassing Taxonomy Extension: Add completely new behavior in the child. Add new functionality not in the parent Extension: Add completely new behavior in the child. Add new functionality not in the parent E.g. public class Properties extends Hashtable E.g. public class Properties extends Hashtable Use the parent Hashtable to store and retrieve, but also define a new method, e.g.: Use the parent Hashtable to store and retrieve, but also define a new method, e.g.: public synchronized void load(InputStream in) throws IOException;

11. Subclassing Taxonomy Limitation: If you do not have access to the parent, override the irrelevant methods, i.e. the subclass is a restriction of the parent class Limitation: If you do not have access to the parent, override the irrelevant methods, i.e. the subclass is a restriction of the parent class Of questionable value Of questionable value E.g. if you wanted to use Vector to implement a Set, override the elementAt(int index) method, since it is irrelevant E.g. if you wanted to use Vector to implement a Set, override the elementAt(int index) method, since it is irrelevant Can’t do this in this case anyway (method is final ) Can’t do this in this case anyway (method is final )

12. Subclass, Subtype and Substitutability Substitutability:When can one type be used in place of another? What does this mean? Substitutability:When can one type be used in place of another? What does this mean? E.g. in Pascal: E.g. in Pascal: Can Complex and Vector be used interchangeably in a program? Can Complex and Vector be used interchangeably in a program? In Pascal these are distinct type: type equivalent, but not type identical In Pascal these are distinct type: type equivalent, but not type identical type Cpmplex = record x:real; y:real end; type Vector = record x:real; y:real end;

13. Liskov Substitutability Principle Principle (Liskov): If for each object O 1 of type S there is an object O 2 of type T such that for all programs P defined in terms of T the behavior of P is unchanged where O 1 is substituted for O 2 then S is a subtype of T, or S can be substituted for T Principle (Liskov): If for each object O 1 of type S there is an object O 2 of type T such that for all programs P defined in terms of T the behavior of P is unchanged where O 1 is substituted for O 2 then S is a subtype of T, or S can be substituted for T This means: if you use O 1 instead of O 2 in P there is no observable change from running P with O2 This means: if you use O 1 instead of O 2 in P there is no observable change from running P with O2

14. Budd’s Version 1. Instances of the subclass must possess all data fields associated with the parent class 2. Instances of the subclass must implement, through inheritance at least, all functionality defined forthe parent class 3. Thus, an instance of a child class can mimic the behavior of the parent class and should be indistinguishable from an instance of the parent class if substituted in a similar situation

15. Remarks This is a test for determining substitutability This is a test for determining substitutability Note the removal of the overridden clause Note the removal of the overridden clause Note the no observable behavior!! Note the no observable behavior!!

16. Example Write some Java code to implement a typical bank account as given by the class CurrentAccount. Nothing special here. Write some Java code to implement a typical bank account as given by the class CurrentAccount. Nothing special here. Now define another account SpecialCurrentAccount by extending CurrentAccount that pays more interest, but requires that the account be opened for longer than the default period Now define another account SpecialCurrentAccount by extending CurrentAccount that pays more interest, but requires that the account be opened for longer than the default period

17. CurrentAccount public class CurrentAccount{ protected int balance; protected int period; public CurrentAccount(int balance, int period){ this.balance = balance; this.period = period;} public boolean openAccount(int balance){ this.balance = balance;} public boolean closeAccount{ if (balance > 0) return true; else return false;} public int getBalance(){return this.balance;}

18. public void setBalance(int balance){ this.balance = balance:} public int getPeriod(){return this.period;} public void setPeriod(int period){ this.period = period; }

19. SpecialCurrentAccount public class SpecialCurrentccount extends CurrentAccount{ private int defaultPeriod = 6; public SpecialCurrentAccount(int balance, int period}{ super(balance, period);} public boolean closeAccount(){ if (balance>0 && period>defaultPeriod) return true; else return false;} public int getDefaultPeriod(){ return this.defaultPeriod:} public void seDefaultPeriod(int defaultPeriod){ this.defaultPeriod = defaultPeriod;}

20. AccountTest public class AccountTest{ public void closeAnAccount(CurrentAccount ac){ System.out.println(“Account close result: ac.closeAccount()): }

21. Now Close 2 Accounts One is to be normal and the other special: One is to be normal and the other special: public static void main(String[] args){ AccountTest test =new AccountTest(); CurrentAccount ac = new CurrentAccount(100,2); SpecialCurrentAccount sac = new SpecialCurrentAccount (200,5); test.closeAnAccount(ac); test.closeAnAccount(sac); }

22. Result Liskov Substitution Principle is violated! Liskov Substitution Principle is violated! If the bank customer uses a SpecialCurrentAccount where a CurrentAccount is expected, the customer is in for a surprise If the bank customer uses a SpecialCurrentAccount where a CurrentAccount is expected, the customer is in for a surprise Big problem: the outcome is only predictable by examining the code Big problem: the outcome is only predictable by examining the code Way out: use an abstract base class: Way out: use an abstract base class:

23. Account +closeAccount:bool CurrentAccount SpecialCurrentAccount