1. Aeronautical Charts By: Lisa Mozer

2. Aeronautical Charts Information on Maps Topography Aeronautical information Navigational information

3. Longitude and Latitude Great circle – small circle Parallels – lines of latitude 0º = equator 90º = pole Referenced north or south of equator Meridians – lines of longitude 0º = line through Greenwich, England – prime meridian 180º approx = International Date Line Referenced east or west of prime meridian

4. Latitude and Longitude Printed on charts Each degree subdivided into 60 minutes

5. Projections Mercator, projection has distortion of land masses increases with distance from equator Lambert Conformal Conic, projection has less distortion provided large area of earth’s surface not shown

6. Mercator Projection http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection

7. Lambert Conformal Conic Projection

8. Sectional Charts Covers 6º to 8º of longitude and 4º latitude Scale is 1:500,000 1 inch on sectional equals 7 nautical or 8 statute miles Contour lines Cities, towns, rivers, highways, railroads Distinctive landmarks Aeronautical information Navigation, communications, airspace, obstructions Revised every 6 months

9. World Aeronautical Charts (WAC) Scale 1:1,000,000 1 inch equals 14 nautical or 16 statute miles Some detail omitted due to smaller scale Revised yearly

10. Symbols Legend Airport symbols Airport data Navigation aids (Navaids) Topographical info Symbols not on chart legend Obstructions

11. The Flight Environment Section D Airspace

12. Airspace Controlled Airspace Transponder with Mode C required in Class A Class B Within 30 nautical miles of Class B airport Class C

13. VFR Terminal Area Charts Special charts for flying VFR around Class B airspace Larger scale, 1:250,000 – more detail White border on sectional chart shows availability May have VFR flyways, VFR corridors, VFR transition routes on reverse

14. Special VFR Where Class B, C, D or E airspace extends to surface around airport, VFR minimums are at least 3 sm. and 1000’ AGL SVFR clearance allows ops in these areas with at least 1 sm. and clear of clouds Private pilot – only daytime At night – must be instrument rated and ac equipped for instrument flight Some airports – NO SVFR

15. Speed Limits Below 10,000’ MSL – max 250 knots In Class C or D, below 2,500’ within 4 nm of primary airport – max 200 knots Underlying Class B and VFR corridors through Class B – max 200 knots

16. Special Use Airspace Alert areas Military operations areas Warning areas Restricted areas Prohibited areas Controlled firing areas National security areas

17. Airspace