1. Motivation and Emotion What motivates us to do the things we do and feel what we feel?

2. Definition of Motivation Motivation – a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior – The psychological processes that arouse, direct, and maintain behavior toward a goal

3. Theories of Motivation I. instinct theory – complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned – Based on Darwin – Circular logic – 1920’s learning theory prevailed (Watson)

4. II. Drive-Reduction Theory – Clark Hull (1884-1952) – the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst)

5. Restore homeostasis (Cannon) - steady state of physiological equilibrium PUSHED BY NEED to reduce drives PULLED BY incentives –E–Extrinsic motivation - external rewards –I–Intrinsic motivation - internal rewards, behavior itself can be rewarding –N–Negative incentive - avoid unpleasant outcome

6. III. Cognitive Dissonance – Leon Festinger we try to bring our thoughts, attitudes and behaviors into agreement with each other. Looking for a kind of cognitive homeostasis Motivated to change behavior or attitude to bring both in sync

7. IV. Optimum Arousal – Why do people push themselves – People do not just eliminate arousal but seek optimum levels of arousal, seek stimulation. Yerkes-Dodson law - people will perform most efficiently when their level of arousal is moderate – Moderate level - difficult task – Higher levels of arousal okay for easy task – Too high levels - will not perform well on hard task

8. V. Maslow – hierarchy of needs begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied then higher-level safety needs become active then psychological needs become active Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst