1. Observing the Universe by Going Underground ZOOMING OUT by ZOOMING IN HAIM HARARI Years of Physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science May 12 th, 2004 50

2. “ZOOMING IN” Matter Chemical Elements Atoms ~100 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1954 2004

3. Galaxies Stars Life NOW 13.7G yr ~100M yr 300K yr 3 min 10 -43 sec 10 -25 sec 10 -11 sec 10 -6 sec 1 sec 10 2 sec 10 13 sec 10 16 sec 10 17 sec “ZOOMING OUT” Atoms

5. “ZOOMING IN” Into the ATOM Matter Chemical Elements Atoms Nucleus ~100 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1954 2004

6. Radioactive  -Decay e-e- A 1  A 2 + e -

7. “ZOOMING IN” Into the ATOM Matter Chemical Elements Atoms Nucleus e ~100 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1954 2004 Systematics: “Periodic Table” Mendeleyev Collisions and Interactions Chemistry “Smashing” Experiments Rutherford

8. Radioactive  -Decay e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- N 1  N 2 + e -

9. Radioactive  -Decay e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- N 1  N 2 + e - +

11. “ZOOMING IN” Into the NUCLEUS Matter Chemical Elements Atoms Nucleus p, n e ~100 ~ 4 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1954 2004

12. Radioactive  -Decay n p n p e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- n  p + e - +

13. Light Nuclei Heavy Nuclei Atoms Galaxies Stars Life NOW 13.7G yr ~100M yr 300K yr 3 min 10 -43 sec 10 -25 sec 10 -11 sec 10 -6 sec 1 sec 10 2 sec 10 13 sec 10 16 sec 10 17 sec “ZOOMING OUT”

14. Antiparticles p n e p n e Equal Numbers of Particles and Antiparticles? Why p and e Have Equal and Opposite Charge? THE BIG BANG Only  -decay Can Convert n  p Nuclear Reactions: The Dream of the Alchemists Mass Converted to Energy Energy of the Sun Creation of Heavy Elements

16. “ZOOMING IN” Into the PROTON & NEUTRON Matter Chemical Elements Atoms Nucleus p, n  … Antiparticles e ~100 ~ 4  1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1954 2004 Hadrons ~100

17. e -- e-e- Electric Charge 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1

18. Baryons Electric Charge +2 +1 0 “Strangeness” 0 -1 -2 -3 p n

19. Baryons Electric Charge +2 +1 0 “Strangeness” 0 -1 -2 -3 Mesons Electric Charge +1 0 “Strangeness” -1 0 +1 p n       

20. Baryons Electric Charge +2 +1 0 “Strangeness” 0 -1 -2 -3 Mesons Electric Charge +1 0 “Strangeness” -1 0 +1 p n u ds 0 -1 23132313 +_+_ Quarks       

21. Mesons Electric Charge +1 0 “Strangeness” -1 0 +1 Electric Charge +2 +1 0 “Strangeness” uuu uud udd ddd uus uds dds uss dsssss 0 -1 -2 -3 p n u ds 0 -1 23132313 +_+_ Quarks Baryons       

22. Mesons Electric Charge +1 0 “Strangeness” -1 0 +1 Electric Charge +2 +1 0 “Strangeness” uuu uud udd ddd uus uds dds uss dsssss 0 -1 -2 -3 p n u ds 0 -1 23132313 +_+_ sd u +1 0 13231323 +_+_ QuarksAnti-Quarks Baryons       

23. Electric Charge +2 +1 0 “Strangeness” uuu uud udd ddd uus uds dds uss dsssss 0 -1 -2 -3 u ds 0 -1 23132313 +_+_ p n Mesons Electric Charge +1 0 “Strangeness” us ds ud uu dd ss du sd su -1 0 +1 sd u +1 0 13231323 +_+_ QuarksAnti-Quarks       

24. “ZOOMING IN” Into the PROTON & NEUTRON Matter Chemical Elements Atoms Nucleus Hadrons Quarks p, n  … Antiparticles e ~100 ~ 4 ~100 ~ 7   1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1954 2004

25. u s d e -- e-e- Electric Charge 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 LeptonsQuarks

26. LeptonsQuarks u s d  e -- e-e- Electric Charge 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1

27. Baryon-Mesons Collisions Time B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 B*

28. Baryon-Mesons Collisions B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 B* Time B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 M*

29. Baryon-Mesons Collisions B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 B* Time B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 M* B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 Duality Diagram

30. Baryon-Mesons Collisions B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 B* Time B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 M* B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 Duality Diagram B*

31. Baryon-Mesons Collisions B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 B* Time B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 M* B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 Duality Diagram M*

32. Baryon-Mesons Collisions B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 B* Time B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 M* B1B1 M1M1 M2M2 B2B2 Duality Diagram B* M* Meson Is a “String” Can Split Into Two

33. Deep Inelastic Scattering e e P Hadrons All Hadrons Made of Quarks Free Quarks Do Not Exist Only at Very Short Distance They Can Be Detected Early Universe - Soup of Quarks and Antiquarks

34. Stanford Linear Accelerator

35. Radioactive  -Decay d  u + e - + n p n p e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- d

36. “ZOOMING IN” Into the PROTON & NEUTRON Matter Chemical Elements Atoms Nucleus Hadrons Quarks p, n  … Antiparticles e ~100 ~ 4 ~100 ~ 7   1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1954 2004 Systematics: “Periodic Table” Eightfold Way Collisions and Interactions Duality+Quark Counting “Smashing” Experiments Deep Inelstic

38. LeptonsQuarks u s d  e -- e-e- Electric Charge 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 c

39. LeptonsQuarks u s d  e -- e-e- Electric Charge 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 c t b  --

40. Matter Chemical Elements Atoms Nucleus Hadrons Quarks p, n  … c b t Antiparticles e ~100 ~ 4 ~100 ~ 7 ~ 20     1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1954 2004 “ZOOMING IN” Into the QUARK & LEPTON

41. LeptonsQuarks u s d  e -- e-e- Electric Charge 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 c t b  --

42. Quark Mixing Heavy Quarks decay fast Heavy Quarks are Short-Lived Three Generations of Quarks & Leptons Do Heavy Quarks Matter? Violation of Symmetry between Particle and Antiparticle? 6 Quarks Masses 3 Mixing Parameters

43. CERN OPAL

44. Particle Masses Generated “Quark Soup” Protons & Neutrons Light Nuclei Heavy Nuclei Atoms Galaxies Stars Life NOW 13.7G yr ~100M yr 300K yr 3 min 10 -43 sec 10 -25 sec 10 -11 sec 10 -6 sec 1 sec 10 2 sec 10 13 sec 10 16 sec 10 17 sec “ZOOMING OUT”

46. is Massless ? Is Different from ? Are e     Really Different ? Nuclear Reactions Neutrinos Solar Neutrinos Cosmic Ray Neutrinos Supernova Neutrinos - ASTRONOMY Neutrinos Have Masses They Are Extremely Light Masses of e     Are Different e     Mix Conclusions:

47. Kamiokande Japan

48. LeptonsQuarks Electric Charge 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 u s d c t b  e -- e-e-  --

49. LeptonsQuarks Electric Charge 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 u s d c t b  e -- e-e-  -- 4M 150M7M 1.3G170G 5G 8m<8m 100M500K 30m 1.8G

50. LeptonsQuarks Electric Charge 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 u s d c t b  e -- e-e-  --

51. LeptonsQuarks Electric Charge 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 u s d c t b  e -- e-e-  -- Leptons & Quarks

52. Electric Charge 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 u s d c t b  e ++ e+e+  ++ Antiparticles  e -- e-e-  -- u s d c t b

53. Leptons & Quarks Electric Charge 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 u s d c t b  e ++ e+e+  ++ Antiparticles 1 2323 1313 0 1313 2323 1313 + + + - - - 1 Electric Charge  e -- e-e-  -- u s d c t b

54. OPEN QUESTIONS Why Are We Here (“Baryogenesis”)? What Is the Dark Matter? What Is the Dark Energy? Connection to Gravity? Why Three Generation? Do the 2nd and 3rd Generation Make a Difference? Quarks – Lepton relation? -1 2323 - 1313 - 0+1+1 1313 + 2323 + ?,,, Why only 20 Building Blocks? 20 Arbitrary Parameters? Origin of Masses?

55. A New Ingenious Theoretical Framework STRING THEORY Grand Unified Theories (GUT) Supersymmetry (SUSY) Sub-particles (“Rishons”?) Options

56. BIG BANG Gravity Connection Inflation Particle Masses Generated “Quark Soup” Protons & Neutrons Light Nuclei Heavy Nuclei Atoms Galaxies Stars Life NOW 13.7G yr ~100M yr 300K yr 3 min 10 -43 sec 10 -25 sec 10 -11 sec 10 -6 sec 1 sec 10 2 sec 10 13 sec 10 16 sec 10 17 sec Grand Unification ? Baryogenesis ? Subparticles ? Strings ? “ZOOMING OUT”

58. 50 HAPPY BIRTHDAY WEIZMANN-PHYSICS