1. Feed back trigger 4 Prof. dr.Jeanne Adiwinata Pawitan, PhD Dept. of Histology, FMUI

2. Onion - tears Substances in onion – tears (X) Lacrimal gland Glands in general Endocrine glands Exocrine glands  Mode of secretion  Consistency of their secretion

3. Exocrine glands

4. Cut Until how deep? – skin – underlying tissues Skin – (Q: related with cell & G?)  Layers - epidermis – dermis, subcutis  Cells of the epidermis - (Q) – hyper/hypo pigmentation  Keratinocytes  Melanocytes  Langerhans cells  Merkel cells  What kind of tissue – epithelium  Various kinds of epithelium

5. Bleeding Blood – bloods cells Appearance Functions Platelets – what? Structure? Non nucleated fragment of megakaryocyte Small: 2-4 μm, disk shaped Blood vessel – endothelium

6. Platelets  Central region – dark – granulomere  α granules  Platelet aggregation: thrombospondin  Blood coagulation: coagulation factors, platelet thromboplastin  Vessel repair: PDGF  δ granules  Ca, ADP, ATP - Platelet adhesion – aggregation  Serotonin, histamin  λ granules: hydrolytic enzyme – clot resorption  Periphery – clear – hyalomere  Plasmalemma: thromboxane A –platelet activator, vasoconstrictor  Surface opening tubule system – increase surface area  Dense tubular system (sequester Ca)

7. Endothelium Roles  Secretes substances  Type II, IV, V collagen, fibronectin, laminin – extra cellular matrix  Vasodilators + inhibitor of platelet aggregation: prostacyclin, NO  Converting/inactivating serotonin, prostaglandin, bradykinin, norepinephrin and thrombin  Clotting factors: von Willebrand factor, tissue thromboplastin  Vasoconstrictor: Endothelin I – vascular smooth muscle tone  Plasminogen activator – lysis of thrombus  Luminal plasmalemma: thrombomodulin, heparin-like molecule – inactivate certain coagulation factor  Possess receptors for leucocytes adhesion molecules (L-selectin, β2 integrin) – leucocytes migrate into connective tissue

8. Red-swelling-pain Swelling – in what kind of tissue  Connective tissue (loose) – cells  Classification of connective tissue  All kinds – microscopic appearance – function –location - cells  Pain – nerve tissue  Neurons

9. Loose connective tissue Mast cells – histamines - vasodilatation  Content of granules  Primary (preformed) mediators  Heparin, histamine  Enzymes: neutral protease, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase  Eosinophil, neutrophil chemotactic factor  Secondary (newly synthesized) mediators  Arachidonic acid precursor - cytokines: leucotrienes, thromboxanes, prostaglandins  Non A – cytokines: platelet activating factor, bradykinins, IL, TNF.

10. Loose connective tissue Mast cells – activation and degranulation  Have receptors for - Ig E – immediate hypersensitivity – anaphylactic reaction  Gartner 116-120 Histiocytes (macrophages)  phagocytosis – melanin – non exfoliating (Q: remain for a long time?)

11. Finger movement Tendons – what kind of tissue?  dense regular connective tissue  Classification: collagenous, elastic  Microscopic appearances: cells Muscles – microscopic appearances Joints  Cartilage  Classification: hyaline, elastic, fibro-cartilage  Microscopic appearances: cells  Bones  Bone structure – types: compact, cancellous (spongy)  Microscopic appearance: cells

12. Joint - cartilage

13. Compact bone Microscopic appearance:  Periosteum  Innercircumferential lamellae  outer circumferential lamellae  Haversian system – osteon  Haversian lamellae – osteocytes – lacunae - canaliculi  Haversian canals – blood vessels  Interstitial lamellae  Volkman’s canal

14. Spongy bone Bone trabeculae, spicules – endosteum  Osteogenic (progenitors)  Osteoblasts  Osteoclasts  Osteocytes  Marrow cavity  Bone marrow – reticular connective tissue  Blood vessels  Precursors of blood cells  Blood cells