1. CHAPTER 7 The Verbal Code

3. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

4. The Structure of Human Language Phonemes Morphemes Symbol Syntax Universal grammar

5. Universals of Language transmitted via vocal-auditory channel. transitory interchangeable Specialized reflexive able to be displaced from time and space able to be false. Speech is Speakers can learn other languages.

6. Generative Grammar From a finite set of sounds and a finite set of rules, speakers of any language can create an infinite number of sentences. Syntax can free the mind to create new words and sentences.

7. Language versus Speech Language symbolizes what is possible. Speech symbolizes what actually occurs.

8. Elaborated and Restricted Codes Restricted code— options to what speakers can say or do verbally are limited. Elaborated code— speakers can choose from among a variety of linguistic options to communicate.

9. Direct and Indirect Styles Direct styles—overt expressions of intention. Assert self-face needs Examples: U.S., England, Germany, Israel. Indirect styles—speakers intents are hidden or only hinted at in interaction. Prevents face threats to either speaker. Examples: Japan and France.

10. Communication Styles direct- indirect elaborate- succinct personal- contextual instrumental- affective

11. Personal and Contextual Styles Personal— communication that amplifies the individual identity of the speaker. Contextual— communication that accentuates and highlights one’s role identity and status.

12. Instrumental and Affective Styles Affective—receiver based and process oriented Instrumental—sender based and goal- outcome based.

13. Standard English Appalachia n English Cajun English R-Less Dialects California English Texas English Midwest American Speech and Dialects

14. ¿qué sopá? – what’s up? to cul – all good ella me esta blazeando – she is bothering/annoying me ¡esto es una ñameria! – this is foolishness! ahuevazón – a dumb situation voy a agarrar los mangos bajitos – I will find an easier solution ¡vamos de arranque! – lets go party ayala (or pronounced ‘áshala’) exclamation of surprise or anger (comes from “vaya la”) barriada bruja or barrio brujo a ghetto blanco cigarette laiter lighter (anglicism) buco a lot, much chantin house gallo cheap zambito/a child/kid/little girl/boy