1. How are we we?

2. How can we scientifically answer that question? How can we scientifically answer that question? What is the difference between the mind and the brain?

3. The influence of the Body on Behavior The Phinneus P. Gage Story - Back in the 1800’s, there was a man named Phinneus P. Gage who was working on a railroad. His job was to use explosives to blow away ground so that they could lay track. He was generally considered a kind and gentle man. One day an accident happened and the tamping rod was blown clean through his head. Surprisingly he did not die, but he did show a complete personality change. He became a drunk, was violent, and completely irresponsible. This led to an interest in how the brain controls behavior and personality.

5. So, because Gage’s “mind” had changed AND his brain had changed…people started to investigate the connection between the 2. So, because Gage’s “mind” had changed AND his brain had changed…people started to investigate the connection between the 2.

6. Physiological Psychology This field of study has been called physiological psychology but is now more frequently called Psychobiology, biopsychology, or neuroscience. The focus of study is generally how the brain controls all aspects of our behavior. This field of study has been called physiological psychology but is now more frequently called Psychobiology, biopsychology, or neuroscience. The focus of study is generally how the brain controls all aspects of our behavior.

7. The Nervous System is what processes information and makes sense of reality The Nervous System is never at rest…It is always regulating your body functions. The Nervous System is never at rest…It is always regulating your body functions. There are 2 primary parts to the structure of the Nervous System: There are 2 primary parts to the structure of the Nervous System: 1.) Central Nervous System (CNS): The Brain and Spinal Cord. Note: The spinal cord is comprised of nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and the brain. 1.) Central Nervous System (CNS): The Brain and Spinal Cord. Note: The spinal cord is comprised of nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and the brain. 2.) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves branching out from the spinal cord. 2.) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves branching out from the spinal cord. Why is it important to protect the Spinal Cord? Why is it important to protect the Spinal Cord?

8. The Nervous System

9. How the Nervous System Works Messages to and from the brain travel along the nerves, which are long, thin cells called neurons. Messages to and from the brain travel along the nerves, which are long, thin cells called neurons. Neurons: The long, thin cells of nerve tissue along which messages travel to and from the brain. Neurons: The long, thin cells of nerve tissue along which messages travel to and from the brain. The Neurons consist of 3 basic parts: The Neurons consist of 3 basic parts: - 1.) The Cell Body: is the main, or center part of the neuron. It contains the nucleus and produces the energy needed to fuel neuron activity.

10. How the Nervous System Works - 2.) The Axon: a tail like structure that carries information away from the cell body. - 3.) The Dendrites: are usually small, short thin fibers that stick out from the cell body. They receive impulses, or messages, from other neurons and send them to the cell body.

11. Parts of the Neuron

12. Parts of the Neuron - Dendrites Dendrite – The branching extensions of a neuron that receive information and conduct impulses toward the cell body

13. Parts of the Neuron - Axon Axon – The extension of a neuron through which neural impulses are sent

14. Parts of the Neuron - Terminals Axon terminals – The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored

15. Are all Neurons connected? In order for the nervous system to properly function, there must be a space between each neuron. This space is called a synapse. In order for the nervous system to properly function, there must be a space between each neuron. This space is called a synapse. Synapse: The fluid-filled gap that exists between individual nerve cells. Synapse: The fluid-filled gap that exists between individual nerve cells.

16. How do the Neurons Transmit Information? Action Potential: Neurons transmit messages in the form of electrochemical impulses called an action potential. Action Potential: Neurons transmit messages in the form of electrochemical impulses called an action potential. Now, sit on your desks… Then let’s form a line

17. Who is the quickest in the room? Can you catch my pen? Can you catch my pen?

18. Information is transmitted in the form of electrical impulses.

19. Continued… These messages are transmitted by the releasing of chemicals called “neurotransmitters.” These messages are transmitted by the releasing of chemicals called “neurotransmitters.” Neurotransmitters: The chemicals released by neurons, which determine the rate at which other neurons fire. Neurotransmitters: The chemicals released by neurons, which determine the rate at which other neurons fire. Watch this Watch thisthis

20. Neurotransmitters

23. Neurotransmitters

24. How do the Neurotransmitters make us feel a certain way? Dopamine PathwaySerotonin Pathway

25. What do drugs do? Some act as Agonists Some act as Agonists Agonists mimic neurotransmitters Agonists mimic neurotransmitters Some act as Antagonists Some act as Antagonists Antagonists block neurotransmitters Antagonists block neurotransmitters Here are some examples of how it works Here are some examples of how it workssome examples some examples Here is another way of looking at them Here is another way of looking at themanother way of looking another way of looking

26. Diagram of the Nervous System

27. The Structure of the Brain

28. The Human Brain is VERY Complex. It is still widely considered to be the most complex structure ever discovered or created by man. There are approximately 10 billion nerve cells in the brain and each one has the potential to contact every other one. There is however, NO relationship between brain size and intelligence. What does relate to intelligence are the fissures, wrinkles, and folds of the brain. No animal has as many of these folds (convolutions) as a human except the porpoise.

29. The Structure of the Brain Oxygen Consumption: The brain needs oxygen to survive. The brain contributes about 1/50 th of your body weight yet consumes 25% of your oxygen. Oxygen Consumption: The brain needs oxygen to survive. The brain contributes about 1/50 th of your body weight yet consumes 25% of your oxygen. Deprivation of oxygen to the brain will lead to you passing out in 15 seconds and brain damage within 4 minutes. Deprivation of oxygen to the brain will lead to you passing out in 15 seconds and brain damage within 4 minutes.

30. The Structure of the Brain Important: There are NO pain receptors in the brain. If you have a headache it is usually due to dilation of the blood vessels that surround the brain. Important: There are NO pain receptors in the brain. If you have a headache it is usually due to dilation of the blood vessels that surround the brain. In other words, your brain cannot feel pain, but the blood vessels and nerve system that surround it can. In other words, your brain cannot feel pain, but the blood vessels and nerve system that surround it can.

31. The Brain has different parts that do different things Try to look at it like the physical and mental brains. Try to look at it like the physical and mental brains. Hindbrain: A part of the brain located at the rear base of the skull that is involved in the basic processes of life. Hindbrain: A part of the brain located at the rear base of the skull that is involved in the basic processes of life. The Hindbrain includes the Cerebellum, Medulla, and Pons. The Hindbrain includes the Cerebellum, Medulla, and Pons.

32. The Structure of the Brain The Brain Stem: Our basic body processes are mediated in the brain stem, the portion of the brain just above the spinal cord. The Brain Stem: Our basic body processes are mediated in the brain stem, the portion of the brain just above the spinal cord.

33. The “Physical” Brain The Cerebellum, which is located behind the spinal cord, helps control posture, balance and voluntary movements. The Cerebellum, which is located behind the spinal cord, helps control posture, balance and voluntary movements. The Medulla regulates vital body functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and a variety of reflexes. This is why people that are called “brain dead” can still survive The Medulla regulates vital body functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and a variety of reflexes. This is why people that are called “brain dead” can still survive The Pons, deals with the sensory and motor information and regulates sleep and arousal. It also functions as a bridge between the Spinal Cord and the brain. The Pons, deals with the sensory and motor information and regulates sleep and arousal. It also functions as a bridge between the Spinal Cord and the brain.

34. Midbrain: is a small part of the brain above the Pons. The midbrain contains primitive centers for vision and hearing and plays a role in the regulation of visual effects. Midbrain: is a small part of the brain above the Pons. The midbrain contains primitive centers for vision and hearing and plays a role in the regulation of visual effects.

35. Forebrain: A part of the brain that covers the brains central core. Forebrain: A part of the brain that covers the brains central core. Hypothalamus: Controls functions such as hunger, thirst and sexual behavior. Hypothalamus: Controls functions such as hunger, thirst and sexual behavior. Cerebral Cortex: This is the center for higher mental process. It is what sets humans apart from other animals. Cerebral Cortex: This is the center for higher mental process. It is what sets humans apart from other animals. The Cerebral Cortex gives you the ability to learn and store complex and abstract information, and to project your thinking into the future. The Cerebral Cortex gives you the ability to learn and store complex and abstract information, and to project your thinking into the future. Your Cerebral Cortex allows you to see, read, and understand this sentence. Your Cerebral Cortex allows you to see, read, and understand this sentence.

36. What Parts of the brain are being used here?

37. The Lobes of the Brain The brain is divided into 2 hemispheres (right and left). The 2 hemispheres are divided by a band of fibers called the “corpus callosum.” The brain is divided into 2 hemispheres (right and left). The 2 hemispheres are divided by a band of fibers called the “corpus callosum.” The brain also has 4 areas, or lobes. Lobes are the different regions that the brain is divided into. The brain also has 4 areas, or lobes. Lobes are the different regions that the brain is divided into. 1.) The Occipital Lobe: This is where the visual signals are processed. It is located in the back of your brain. 1.) The Occipital Lobe: This is where the visual signals are processed. It is located in the back of your brain.

38. 2.) The Parietal Lobe: This is where information from sensors all over the body is processed. (Supposedly located on the left side of the brain.) 2.) The Parietal Lobe: This is where information from sensors all over the body is processed. (Supposedly located on the left side of the brain.) 3.) The Temporal Lobe: This is where your hearing, memory, emotion, and speaking functions are processed. (Supposedly located on the right side of the brain.) 3.) The Temporal Lobe: This is where your hearing, memory, emotion, and speaking functions are processed. (Supposedly located on the right side of the brain.) 4.) The Frontal Lobe: Is concerned with organization, planning, and creative thinking. (I wonder where it is located.) 4.) The Frontal Lobe: Is concerned with organization, planning, and creative thinking. (I wonder where it is located.)

39. Left and Right Hemispheres There are many myths about the differences between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. You may have heard of people being “right or left brained” before…This is simply not true. There are many myths about the differences between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. You may have heard of people being “right or left brained” before…This is simply not true. In reality, the left and right side merely compliment one another. In reality, the left and right side merely compliment one another. Right = Left….Left = Right…whaaaaaaaa? Right = Left….Left = Right…whaaaaaaaa?

40. The Electroencephalograph… Wow that’s a long word…How about EEG machine. Wow that’s a long word…How about EEG machine. What is it? What is it? It is a machine used to record the electrical activity of large portions of the brain. It is a machine used to record the electrical activity of large portions of the brain. Wires are connected to various areas of your scalp, allowing the rhythms, or brain waves caused by the neurons to be read. Wires are connected to various areas of your scalp, allowing the rhythms, or brain waves caused by the neurons to be read.