1. Organizing the Body

2. Anatomy The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures to each other. FORM, shape, structure, and appearance.

3. Physiology The scientific study of the functioning of specific body parts and systems. FUNCTION

4. Levels of Organization “Captain” = Chemical “Crunch” = Cell “Tastes” = Tissue “Oh” = Organ “So” = System 11 Systems in the Human Body “Outstanding” = Organism

5. Building the Body C,H,O,N, Na+, Cl-, Ca++, K+, H+=Chemistry Nucleus/Membrane/Cytosol/Organelle= Cells Cells + Cells = Tissue Tissues + Tissues = Organ Organs + Organs = System All 11 Systems together = Organism

7. Organism Systems Organ Tissue Cell 11 Chemical

8. “DR SMILE CREN” Digestive (Esophagus+Stomach+Intestines) Respiratory (2Lungs+Trachea) Skeletal (206 Bones+Joints) Muscular (656-850 Muscles) Integumentary (3 Layers+Exocrine Glands+Hair) Lymphatic(Thymus+Lymph Nodes+Bone Marrow) Excretory (Kidneys+Ureters+Bladder+Urethra) Circulatory (Heart+Arteries+Veins) Reproductive (Male and Female Sex Organs) Endocrine (Pituitary+Thyroid+Pancreas…) Nervous (Brain+Spinal Cord+Nerves)

9. Embryonic Development Three Embryonic Germ Layers Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm

11. Embryonic Development Sperm + Egg=Zygote 0-8 weeks the embryo develops from a zygote into a fetus. During the eight weeks all 11 systems would be primitively formed.

12. “DR SMILE CREN” Digestive (Endoderm) Respiratory (Endoderm) Skeletal (Mesoderm) Muscular (Mesoderm) Integumentary (Mesoderm)/(Ectoderm) Lymphatic (Mesoderm)/(Endoderm) Excretory (Mesoderm)/(Endoderm) Circulatory (Mesoderm) Reproductive (Mesoderm)/(Endoderm) Endocrine (Mesoderm)/(Endoderm)/(Ectoderm) Nervous (Ectoderm)

13. Digestive System Endoderm

14. Respiratory System Endoderm

15. Skeletal System Mesoderm

16. Muscular System Mesoderm

17. Integumentary System Mesoderm (Subcutaneous) Ectoderm (Dermis, Epidermis)

18. Lymphatic System Mesoderm (Lymphatic Tissue) Endoderm (Thymus)

19. Excretory System Mesoderm (Urogenital) Endoderm (Urinary Bladder, Urethra)

20. Cardiovascular System Mesoderm

21. Reproductive System Mesoderm (Urogenital) Endoderm (Vagina, Urethra)

22. Endocrine System Mesoderm (Adrenal Cortex) Endoderm (Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pancreas, Liver) Ectoderm (Pituitary Gland, Adrenal Medulla)

23. Nervous System Ectoderm (Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves) -Special Senses

24. What level of organization would require all eleven functional systems to survive? Organism

25. Metabolism The sum total of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

26. Anabolism Using energy to synthesize or manufacture new tissue or molecules.

27. Catabolism The breakdown of tissues or chemical structures to produce or generate energy.

28. Position Descriptors Superior (Cranial) Inferior (Caudal) Anterior (Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal) Medial Lateral Proximal Distal

29. Position Descriptors

30. Anatomical Terms

31. Movement Descriptors flexion extension hyperextension abduction adduction plantar flexion dorsiflexion circumduction supination (LR) pronation (MR) inversion eversion elevation depression protraction retraction

32. Planes Fixed lines of reference along which the body or organ is often divided to facilitate viewing.

33. Body Planes

34. Sagittal Plane A vertical plane which divides the body or structure into right and left sections.

35. Sagittal Section of Thorax

36. MRI of Brain

37. Mid-Sagittal Plane A vertical plane which divides a body or structure into equal right and left halves.

38. Frontal (Coronal) Plane A vertical plane which divides a body or structure into anterior and posterior sections

39. X-Ray: Frontal View

40. Transverse (Horizontal) Plane A horizontal plane which divides a body or structure into superior and inferior sections.

41. Transverse Plane (Cross Section)

42. Chest CT Scan

43. Brain MRI

44. Planes - Overview

45. BODY CAVITIES Spaces within the body that contain the internal organs.

46. Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial Cavity –Contains the brain Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity –Bony cavity formed by the vertebrae of the spine that contains and protects the spinal cord.

47. Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity –Pleural cavities (2) –Mediastinum –Pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity –Abdominal cavity –Pelvic cavity

48. Body Cavities

49. Abdominopelvic Quadrants The abdominopelvic cavity can be functionally divided into quadrants. Used by clinical personnel to describe the location of abdominopelvic pain, tumors, and other abnormalities.

50. Abdominopelvic Quadrants Used mostly in the medical and clinical disciplines. Functionally divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrants –RUQ - Right Upper Quadrant –LUQ - Left Upper Quadrant –RLQ - Right Lower Quadrant –LLQ - Left Lower Quadrant

51. Quadrants and Organs RUQ – liver, gallbladder, right kidney LUQ – stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidney RLQ – appendix, right ovary LLQ – left ovary

52. Abdominopelvic Quadrants

53. Homeostasis The ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment within prescribed physiological limits.

54. Parameters Maintained in Homeostasis gas concentrations temperature pressure pH (acidity) nutrients water

55. STRESS Any factor which disrupts homeostasis. Any stimulus which creates an imbalance in the body’s internal environment Anything that causes stress - Stressor –Physical –Emotional –Metabolic –Environmental

56. External Stressors Heat Cold Noise Light Exercise

57. Internal Stressors Pain Tumors High blood pressure Chemical imbalances Unpleasant thoughts

58. Feedback Mechanisms Any circular situation in which information about something is monitored and sent to a control center

59. Components of a Feedback Mechanism Control Center –An area that receives information about a monitored condition and determines an appropriate response. Receptor –An area or structure that monitors a controlled condition. Effector –Structure that produces a response or changes a controlled condition.

60. Feedback Mechanisms

61. Types of Feedback Mechanisms Negative Feedback Mechanisms (Inhibitory) –The response counteracts the input. –The most common feedback mechanism. –Examples: blood pressure blood sugar regulation cardiac output temperature regulation Positive Feedback Mechanisms (Stimulatory) –The response is intensified by the input. –Example: Breastfeeding by an infant, childbirth, and blood clotting.

62. Negative Feedback System

63. Positive Feedback System