1. South Atlantic deep water circulation Stramma & England 1999

2. South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) Stramma & England 1999

3. Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) Stramma & England 1999

4. The compensating meridional flows Stramma & England 1999

5. The light blue shading indicates the high eddy kinetic energy regions in the Brazil/Malvinas Confluence and the Agulhas Retroflection. Light orange shading indicate the regions of convection and subduction. Light green shading areas of upwelling associated to the shallow tropical cells. Red lines depict areas of interest for monitoring the inter-ocean exchanges and the bifurcation of the South Equatorial Current. Purple line near 30°S region for monitoring the meridional mass and heat flux South Atlantic observations PIRATA backbone + extensions GOOD HOPE + BONUS AX18 AX98 ATLAS buoy GEF IfM – SIO (Russia) ifM - INPE

6. Estimates of South Atlantic Meridional Heat Flux

7. Lat °SHeat Flux (PW) MethodSource 320.16-0.68 DirectBennett (1978) 300.39 Sea-air fluxesBunker (1980) 320.66-0.88 InverseFu (1981) 300.69 Sea-air fluxesHastenrath (1982) 320.4 DirectBryan (1982) 300.38 Sea-air fluxesHsiung (1985) 320.24 InverseRintoul (1991) 300.19 modelMatano & Philander (1993) 300.56 FRAMSaunders &Thompson (1993) 370.45 to 0.94 DirectSaunders and King, 1995 370.67 FRAMSaunders and King, 1995 300.3 InverseMacdonald & Wunsch (1996) 300.29 modelMarchesiello et al. (1998) 30-0.23 Inversede las Heras & Schlitzer (1999) 300.22 InverseMcDonogh and King (2003) 32.50.23 DirectTalley (2003) 32.50.63 OCCAMDonners (2004) 370.28 POCMMatano & Schouten (2004) 300.39 ECCOStammer, Kohl (2007) 300.17 ORCA25Boening, Biastoch (2007) 30-350.54 XBTGarzoli and Barringer (2007) Estimates of South Atlantic Meridional Heat Flux

8. Median pathways between successive oceanic sections crossed by water parcels. The colors indicate the mean depth of the transfer between two given sections. The North Atlantic overturning is defined here as the thermocline waters (in orange, red and pink) transformed into NADW (blue) in the North Atlantic sector. Numbers quantify the mass transfers between successive control sections (the Atlantic Equator, the Drake Passage, the SO section south of Australia and the Indonesian Throughflow). Speich et al. 2007, submitted Lagrangian reconstruction of the global Thermohaline Circulation

9. Lat °SHeat Flux (PW) MethodSource 320.16-0.68 DirectBennett (1978) 300.39 Sea-air fluxesBunker (1980) 320.66-0.88 InverseFu (1981) 300.69 Sea-air fluxesHastenrath (1982) 320.4 DirectBryan (1982) 300.38 Sea-air fluxesHsiung (1985) 320.24 InverseRintoul (1991) 300.19 modelMatano & Philander (1993) 300.56 FRAMSaunders &Thompson (1993) 370.45 to 0.94 DirectSaunders and King, 1995 370.67 FRAMSaunders and King, 1995 300.3 InverseMacdonald & Wunsch (1996) 300.29 modelMarchesiello et al. (1998) 30-0.23 Inversede las Heras & Schlitzer (1999) 300.22 InverseMcDonogh and King (2003) 32.50.23 DirectTalley (2003) 32.50.63 OCCAMDonners (2004) 370.28 POCMMatano & Schouten (2004) 300.39 ECCOStammer, Kohl (2007) 300.17 ORCA25Boening, Biastoch (2007) 30-350.54 XBTGarzoli and Barringer (2007) Estimates of South Atlantic Meridional Heat Flux

10. High-resolution XBT line AX18 (14 sections) Courtesy Garzoli & Baringer 2007, submitted

11. Meridional heat flux – meridional structure Integrated from 80ºN Courtesy Garzoli & Baringer 2007, submitted

12. Meridional heat flux – model comparisons

13. Structure of meridional flow (some) error sources Courtesy from Baher, Stroup & Marotzke, in prep. “observed” thermal wind ECHAM5/MPI-OM forced with IPCC scenario A1B

14. MOC Transport variability MOC RECONSTRUCTION

15. MOC monitoring based on a RAPID/MOCHA like array can cover the main characteristics of the MOC, including a possible change in the mean strength, at various latitudes throughout the South Atlantic. MOC monitoring based on a RAPID/MOCHA like array can cover the main characteristics of the MOC, including a possible change in the mean strength, at various latitudes throughout the South Atlantic. MOC monitoring in the South Atlantic faces similar problems as MOC monitoring in the North Atlantic. MOC monitoring in the South Atlantic faces similar problems as MOC monitoring in the North Atlantic. Direct observations of boundary currents seem of secondary importance, while basin-wide coverage of the bottom velocities is crucial if bottom velocities are not small everywhere. Direct observations of boundary currents seem of secondary importance, while basin-wide coverage of the bottom velocities is crucial if bottom velocities are not small everywhere.