1. Session 2 Buildings and Measurements

2. Buildings Sector Accounts for About 40% of U.S. Energy, 72% of Electricity, 34% of Natural Gas, 38% of Carbon, 18% of NO x, and 55% of SO 2 Emissions. Building Sector construction and renovation accounts for 9% of GDP and employs 8 million people. Energy utility bills total $390B each year. Source: Buildings Energy Data Book, Tables 1.1.3, 1.1.6, 3.1.1, 3.3.1, 4.1.5, 5.1.2, 5.3.1 Total U.S. Consumption in 2005 was 100 Quads

3. Source: Buildings Energy Data Book Commercial Building Energy Consumption Impact 25 QUADS 1.4 Gigatons $227 Billion 18 QUADS 1.1 Gigatons $170 Billion 2011 2030 Energy consumed CO2 Emissions Utility costs Projected Years Current Inventory 5M Buildings

4. Review Climate Action Plan Reporting and look at examples of reports http://rs.acupcc.org/ http://rs.acupcc.org/instructions/ghg/

5. Scope 1 Emission Sources: fugitive emissions Stationary Combustion Mobile Combustion Process Emissions Fugitive Emissions – Fugitive emissions are emissions of gases or vapors from pressurized equipment due to leaks and other unintended or irregular releases of gases, mostly from industrial activities. As well as the economic cost of lost commodities, fugitive emissions contribute to air pollution and climate change. A detailed inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from upstream oil and gas activities in Canada for the year 2000 estimated that fugitive equipment leaks had a global warming potential equivalent to the release of 17 million metric tones of carbon dioxide, or 12 per cent of all greenhouse gases emitted by the sector.

6. Scope 1 continued Process Emissions: the cement example Stationary Combustion Mobile Combustion Process Emissions Fugitive Emissions A single industry accounts for around 5% of global carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. It produces a material so ubiquitous it is nearly invisible: cement. Cement is the primary ingredient in concrete, which in turn forms the foundations and structures of the buildings we live and work in, and the roads and bridges we drive on. Concrete is the second most consumed substance on Earth after water. On average, each year, three tons of concrete are consumed by every person on the planet. Concrete is used globally to build buildings, bridges, roads, runways, sidewalks, and dams. Cement is indispensable for construction activity, so it is tightly linked to the global economy. Cement production is growing by 2.5% annually, and is expected to rise from 2.55 billion tons in 2006 to 3.7-4.4 billion tons by 2050.

7. Scope 1 continued: mobile combustion Stationary Combustion Mobile Combustion Process Emissions Fugitive Emissions

8. Scope 2 Purchased Electricity Purchased Steam / Chilled Water

9. Scope 3 – Develop Accurate Baseline! Staff Commuting Customer Commuting Air Travel Other Travel Solid Waste Waste Water Paper Suppliers Footprints – Local – Global

10. Reporting Carbon Footprint: the classifications Scope 1 – all direct greenhouse gas emissions Scope 2 – Indirect greenhouse gas emissions from consumption of electricity, heat or steam Scope 3 – Other indirect emissions, such as the extraction and production of purchased materials and fuels, transport related activities in vehicles not owned by the business, electricity related operations not covered in scope 2, outsourced operations, supplier chains and operations and waste disposal processes.

11. Carbon StatisticsPer ProductPer 1000 Sq/FtPer PersonReductionPercent OffsetGoal Emissions: Scope 1 Emissions: Scope 2 Emissions: Scope 3 Emissions: total Simple emissions inventory table that can be easily inserted into a report or presentation. CO 2 per product, per 1000 square feet and per person are entered into the fields at the appropriate emission scope.

12. Energy Value CO 2 (Kgs.) CO 2 (Lbs.) Btu 1 gallon of gas8.919.62114,100 1 pound of coal 1 1.32.8614,000 1 ton of coal2,594.555,720 28,000,000 1,000 cubic feet of natural gas54.7120.59100,000 1 kWh of electricity.611.343,412

13. Useful Ratios Btu per degree day is the definitive measure for commercial buildings. Btu/DD As time moves on, we should see a decrease in the amount of Btu it takes to offset the outside temperature. This is the true measure of the physical plants efficiency. Watts per square foot is the definitive measure for lighting efficiency for a commercial building. It is important to measure performance using repeatable and valid measures The first ratio is an account of how much value every unit of CO 2 brings relative to a fuel source. In the instance of renewable energy, where no CO 2 results from every unit of useful output, the ratio is some value output divided by zero and is undefined so renewable energy is in a category that only measures output in real numbers. The ratio that I refer to as the Jacobsen usefulness/CO 2 ratio is used to measure the internality/externality value of a fuel. The resulting value derived from this division is the overall usefulness (Btu) per unit of negative externality, CO 2. After identifying the baseline, on a spreadsheet, this number should increase over time by decreasing CO 2 and/or increasing efficiency of energy using systems. Btu/CO 2 The next ratio is the Jacobsen cost of energy ratio and it measures the energy per economic cost (dollars) of a fuel in Btu. Btu/$ After identifying the baseline, on a spreadsheet, this number should increase over time by decreasing costs and/or increasing output of energy systems per unit of expense.

14. Incandescent Lamp 12345Total Incandescent purchase 1000 $5000 Incandescent labor 3000 $15000 Incandescent energy 4800 $24000 Emissions29,652 148,260 Total cost of incandescent option 8800 $44,000 The total reduction in dollars of incandescent lighting operations would be $44,000 over a 5 year period if we continue to use the incandescent lamps. The total (5 year) carbon emissions for the incandescent option is 148,260 pounds over 5 years.

15. Total dollars, energy and carbon emissions are captured on a single table. The carbon emission of the CFL lighting operations would be 5,360 pounds over the 5 year period. CFL Lamp12345Total CFL purchase4,0000000$4,000 CFL labor3,0000000$3,000 CFL energy800 $4,000 CFL carbon emissions 1,072 5,360 lbs. Total Cost$11,000