1. Global Warming What is it? Why is it happening? Evidence that it is happening. What are the consequences? What can we do to stop it? NASA Video NASA Video

2. What is global warming? An increase of the average temperature of the earth An increase of the average temperature of the earth The earth’s average temperature has increased 0.6 o C or 1 0 F increase in temperature over the 20 th century The earth’s average temperature has increased 0.6 o C or 1 0 F increase in temperature over the 20 th century IPCC

4. Why is it happening? The natural greenhouse effect is being increased by extra greenhouse gases trapping more heat The natural greenhouse effect is being increased by extra greenhouse gases trapping more heat Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases –Water Vapor –Carbon Dioxide –Methane –Smaller amounts of other gasses

5. Greenhouse gas: carbon dioxide 31% increase in carbon dioxide in recent years 31% increase in carbon dioxide in recent years –from fossil fuels combustion, open fires, also increases when you cut down trees that previously were absorbing this gas

7. What is the Greenhouse Effect? Greenhouse effect video

9. Sunlight comes in and some reflects off of clouds back into space

10. Sunlight comes in and some is reflected off of the surface of the earth

11. Sunlight comes in and is absorbed as heat at the surface. Some heat is then emitted from the earth and is released to space.

12. Some heat is emitted from the earth and is absorbed by greenhouse gases. Some gets reflected back to the earth.

13. Global Warming Global warming occurs when there are too many greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Global warming occurs when there are too many greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases (like CO 2 and methane) trap heat escaping to space and warm the planet more than it should. Greenhouse gases (like CO 2 and methane) trap heat escaping to space and warm the planet more than it should.

14. Evidence Global Warming is happening The north and south pole are showing signs of warming before the rest of the earth The north and south pole are showing signs of warming before the rest of the earth Antarctic (south pole) peninsula ice shelves calving off Antarctic (south pole) peninsula ice shelves calving off 2.5 o C recent warming on the peninsula (50 year warming?) 2.5 o C recent warming on the peninsula (50 year warming?) Larsen B ice shelf 2002 (opening scene in “The Day After Tomorrow”) Larsen B ice shelf 2002 (opening scene in “The Day After Tomorrow”) Video: Canadian Arctic Video: Canadian Arctic Video: Canadian Arctic Video: Canadian Arctic

16. Jan 31 2002

17. 17 Feb 2002

18. 23 Feb 2002

19. 05 March 2002

20. “Arctic temperatures have increased in recent decades. Compared to the past 50 years, average temperatures from January through August, 2005 were 2 to 3 degrees Celsius warmer than average across most of the Arctic Ocean.” -NSIDC “A record loss of sea ice in the Arctic this summer has convinced scientists that the Arctic has now entered an irreversible phase of warming which will accelerate the loss of the polar sea ice that has helped to keep the climate stable for thousands of years.” - NSIDC fall 2005

21. Ice Albedo Feedback Decrease amount of ice and snow Decrease albedo: More area to absorb sunlight rather than reflect it Increase Heat Increase Heat Therefore this is POSITIVE Feedback! It reinforces the initial heating. Cold Cold to hot Ice to no ice

22. Quelcaya Ice cap, Peru Qori Kalis glacier Qori Kalis glacier 1963 -1978: retreat 1963 -1978: retreat rate of 4 m/yr rate of 4 m/yr by 1995: retreat rate of 30 m/yr by 1995: retreat rate of 30 m/yr (slide compliments (slide compliments Adina Racoviteanu)

23. Kilimanjaro, East Africa (5895 m) Retreated by 87% from 1990s (Thompson et al., 2002)

24. The challenge is this… Carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere for decades Carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere for decades –Even if we stopped emitting it today, our extra carbon dioxide would continue to cause problems for almost a century to come!

26. Why do we care about global warming? Main reasons… Melting the ice caps will increase sea level enough to displace millions of people currently living on the coast Melting the ice caps will increase sea level enough to displace millions of people currently living on the coast Growing food may become increasingly difficult due to floods/droughts/salt water entering our fresh water supplies Growing food may become increasingly difficult due to floods/droughts/salt water entering our fresh water supplies

27. Effects of rising sea levels in North America and Europe

28. Another reason to care about global warming: tropical diseases could come to new climates like ours as we become warmer! According to the World Health Organization, each year nearly 500 million people become infected with malaria, and nearly three million — mostly children — die from it. Areas around the world facing the greatest risk, shown in red, harbor some of the world's most impoverished people. According to the World Health Organization, each year nearly 500 million people become infected with malaria, and nearly three million — mostly children — die from it. Areas around the world facing the greatest risk, shown in red, harbor some of the world's most impoverished people.

29. Local Effects of Climate Change CANADA Polar ice caps melting Polar ice caps melting Soil drying up Soil drying up Farmland changing Farmland changing Temperature increases (highest in the poles) Temperature increases (highest in the poles) SOUTHERN ONTARIO smog is expected to intensify. smog is expected to intensify. Water levels will drop Water levels will drop soil moisture in the region will decrease soil moisture in the region will decrease

30. In other parts of the world, the effects of global warming will be much more deadly. In other parts of the world, the effects of global warming will be much more deadly. Flooding in Bangladesh is expected to increase by up to 40 per cent this century as global temperatures rise. Flooding in Bangladesh is expected to increase by up to 40 per cent this century as global temperatures rise. The population of Bangladesh is greater than 150 million The population of Bangladesh is greater than 150 million

31. What can we do to stop it? Change to renewable energy sources that do not produce methane or carbon dioxide Change to renewable energy sources that do not produce methane or carbon dioxide

32. 5 Key Points 5 Key Points –Limit temperature rise ‘well below’ 2C (striving to be at 1.5C = to pre-industrial levels) –1 st universal climate agreement (under the previous Kyoto Accord in 1997 developing countries were not required to reduce) –Helping poorer nations ($100 billion annually to poorer countries giving universal access to suistainable/renewable energy) UN Paris Accord 2015

33. Paris Accord Continued –Publishing greenhouse gas reduction targets (publishing their own GH gas reduction targets) –Carbon neutral by 2050 (limiting the amount of GH gases emitted by human activity to the levels that soil, oceans & trees can absorb)

34. Or we could let it happen We will pay the price! We will pay the price! –Money –Food –Human lives –The comfort of our North American living will be gone Rick Mercer Video Rick Mercer Video Rick Mercer Video Rick Mercer Video

35. Brainstorm ideas below on what you can do to prevent climate change. Brainstorm ideas below on what you can do to prevent climate change. What can you do???

37. How can we measure the impact humans make on the planet? How can we decide which activities cause less or more harm to the environment? The answer lies in the concept of the….

38. Ecological Footprint Measures the ecological impact of a person’s activities by determining the amount of productive LAND and WATER (in hectares) required to support that person and to dispose of his or her waste Measures the ecological impact of a person’s activities by determining the amount of productive LAND and WATER (in hectares) required to support that person and to dispose of his or her waste

39. Average Canadian’s Ecological Footprint 8.6 hectares: amount of productive land needed to support the lifestyle of the average Canadian 8.6 hectares: amount of productive land needed to support the lifestyle of the average Canadian If everyone in the world lived at the same standard of living as the average Canadian, we would need more than 2 Earths! (humanity uses ecological services 2 times as fast as Earth can renew them) If everyone in the world lived at the same standard of living as the average Canadian, we would need more than 2 Earths! (humanity uses ecological services 2 times as fast as Earth can renew them) Canadians use much more than their fair share of Earth’s resources Canadians use much more than their fair share of Earth’s resources Something must be done! Something must be done!