1. FREEDOM AND PARTITION

2. EFFECTS OF BRITISH RULE
Improved transportation and communication which helped increase trade
Limited British imports of Indian made goods
Indian industries declined, locally made goods disappeared, Indians had to buy expensive British products.
Had to raise cash crops (tea, cotton, etc.) to pay for goods which led to a food shortage

3. EFFECTS OF BRITISH RULE
Improved health care and sanitary conditions led to population growth
Set up schools and colleges to educate higher-caste Indians
Learned English
Education increased resentment against the British and increased nationalism

4. INDIAN NATIONALISM Strongest among the British-educated elite
Some wanted to modernize India and reform system of British rule
Others wanted to return to Hindu traditions and blend Hindu and western cultures
Indian National Congress (INC) formed in 1885 worked for change
The Muslim League formed in 1906

5. GROWING UNREST
After WWI, Indian nationalists increased their demands for freedom
British responded with harsh laws limiting freedom of press and banning all public gatherings
1919: more than 10,000 Indians gathered in Amritsar
Amritsar Massacre: 379 Indians dead and more than 1,100 wounded from open fire by British forces

6. MOHANDAS GANDHI Came from a middle class Hindu family
Became a lawyer in Britain. Practiced law in South Africa where he developed ideas about nonviolent resistance
Practiced civil disobedience: The refusal to obey unjust laws
Gave up western ways and encouraged traditional Indian industries like spinning cotton
Fasted
Preached better treatment of all people regardless of caste

7. MOHANDAS GANDHI
Civil disobedience: supported strikes and protests, stop buying British-made goods
The Salt March (1930): Protested the tax on salt
Led followers on a 200 mile march and made salt from sea water
British arrested Gandhi and about 50,000 other Indians

9. MOVING TOWARD INDEPENDENCE
When WWII began, the INC refused to fight in support of Britain unless they were promised immediate independence
The British refused
“Quit India” movement and followed a policy of non- cooperation
Britain arrested more than 20,000 Congress members but was weakened by WWII

10. HINDU-MUSLIM CONFLICT
British encouraged conflict between the INC and the Muslim League
Muslims wanted a separate Muslim nation to protect their rights.

11. THE SUBCONTINENT DIVIDED
1946: widespread rioting between Hindus and Muslims
1947: British parliament passed the Indian Independence Act
Ended British rule and provided for partition (division) of India into two nations
Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan
Fighting between the two nations continued.