2. ◦ Australopithecus – ◦ oldest hominid species. Found in Africa. ◦ Homo erectus – ◦ believed to be the first to leave Africa. Walked up- right. ◦ Divine theory – ◦ (religious) believe that a supreme being created humans just as they are. ◦ Evolution Theory – ◦ Created by Charles Darwin. Believe that humans descended from apes and through continuous change, we have evolve in to our current states. ◦ Survival of the fittest – ◦ Created by Darwin. Said that organism that better adapt to their surroundings have a better chance of surviving and reproducing. “Only the strongest survive” ◦ Hydraulic civilization – ◦ civilizations that developed near rivers and bodies of water. They use the water for their benefit. (food, farming, transportation, basic needs)

3. ◦ Euphrates and Tigirs- ◦ Mesopotamia developed around it. ◦ Sumerian inventions – (engineers of the ancient world) ◦ wheel, irrigation, canals, dams and cuneiform ◦ Theocracy – ◦ when the political leader of country is also the religious leader. ◦ Hammurabi – ◦ leader of Babylon. Created the Hammurabi code one of the first set of laws. Where harsh and unequal. ◦ Sargon – ◦ Leader of the Akkad. Created one of the first empires in history using lightweight weapons. ◦ Semite – ◦ conquerors from Arabia that settled in Akkad. ◦ Phoenicians – ◦ known for being great merchants and sailors. ◦ Exported luxury items. ◦ Created an alphabet ◦ Consider as discovers of the Atlantic Ocean

4. ◦ Palestine – ◦ Its most significant conquerors were the Hebrews. Known also as Canaan. ◦ Hebrews – ◦ Conquered Palestine. Brought one of the first monotheistic religions called Judaism to Palestine. ◦ Nile – ◦ Ancient Egypt civilization developed around it. ◦ Nomes – ◦ cities where artisans and traders lived in Egypt. ◦ Pharaoh – ◦ supreme rulers in Egypt “chosen” by the gods. ◦ Dynasty – ◦ series of rulers that belong to the same family. ◦ Pharaoh Khafre – ◦ order the construction of Great Sphinx's of Giza ◦ Hieroglyphics – ◦ Egyptian system of writing. Use on tombs and sacred places.

5. ◦ Old kingdom – ◦ Known for its territorial expansion and the building of the pyramids. ◦ Middle Kingdom – ◦ Known for the creation of calendars for farming and rituals. ◦ New kingdom – ◦ acquired many riches, which made the kingdom prosperous again. ◦ Egypt Natural regions- ◦ protect it Egypt from invasion: north- Mediterranean sea/ South – Cataracts/ East and West – desert /East- red sea. ◦ Mummification – ◦ process of embalming the body for conservation. Only the rich could afford the process. It “helped” the soul find the right body in the afterlife. ◦ Tutankhamun – ◦ Pharaoh mostly known for the discovery of it intact tomb. ◦ Howard Carter – ◦ Archeologist that made one of the greatest archeological discoveries in history, Tutankhamun’s tomb.

6. Identify to which continent study in class the following countries belong to: (Europe, Africa or Asia) ◦ Spain:__________ ◦ Madagascar:______________ ◦ Algeria: __________ ◦ Vatican city:_______________ ◦ Italy:_____________ ◦ Japan:___________________ ◦ Morocco: _____________ ◦ Poland:_________________ ◦ Korea:______________ ◦ Vietnam:__________________ ◦ Afghanistan:________________ ◦ Ukraine:___________________ ◦ Russia:____________________ ◦ Egypt:____________________