1. Photosynthesis: the process by which photoautotrophs convert solar energy into stored chemical energy. 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 ----------> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

2. ATP Production ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) is similar to ‘drained battery.’ ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is analogous to ‘charged battery.’

3. Structure of Chloroplast Double Membrane Stroma Thylakoids

4. Light-Dependent reaction - occurs in the thylakoid membrane and converts light energy to chemical energy Light-independent - takes place in the stroma within the chloroplast, and converts CO 2 to sugar Two reactions:

5. Steps of Light-Dependent Reaction 1.Pigments absorb light and excite electrons that enter electron transport system (moving, charged particles). 2.Light energy splits water (photolysis) yielding H+ (into thylakoid), electrons (electron transport chain) and O 2 3.Electrons are transferred to NADP+, creating NADPH (charged battery). 4.H+ flow out of thylakoid through ATP synthase, creating ATP (from ADP).

6. Light-Dependent reaction Match #1 - #4 from prior slide

7. Light-Dependent(Cont.) Input: light energy, ADP and phosphate, NADP+, and water Output: ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen

8. in-text, p. 115 sunlightwater uptakecarbon dioxide uptake ATP ADP + P i NADPH NAD + glucose P oxygen release LIGHT INDEPENDENT- REACTIONS LIGHT DEPENDENT- REACTIONS new water

9. Light-Independent reaction  Does not require light.  ATP and NADPH are used to combine carbon, oxygen (from carbon dioxide) and hydrogen (from NADPH)

10. Light-Independent (Cont.) Input: ATP, NADPH, and Carbon Dioxide Output: ADP and P, NADP+, glucose (or other stored energy)

11. Calvin-Benson Cycle  In stroma  Starts with carbon dioxide fixation- ATP is traded in to make sugar (Light-Independent) Carbon dioxide fixation

12. Fig. 7.15, p. 123 CARBON FIXATION 6CO 2 (from the air) 66 RuBP PGA unstable intermediate 6 ADP 6 12 ATP NADPH 10 12 PGAL glucose P PGAL 2 PiPi CALVIN- BENSON CYCLE 12 ADP 12 P i 12NADP + 12