1. Physics 1 Introduction

2. This Class  Pre-Reqs:  Concurrently in Algebra II  I recommend that you are in Honors Algebra II or Trig.  Topics:  Kinematics  Dynamics  Universal Law of Gravitation  SHM  Momentum  Energy  Rotation  Electrostatics  Circuits  Mechanical Waves and Sound We will be using basic trigonometry to analyze certain systems. This is why I recommend a higher math class.

3. Grades  Grade Breakdown:  Homework/Classwork: 15%  Projects: 15%  Quizzes: 15%  Labs/Hands-on Activities: 25%  Tests: 30% The semester grade: 80% of class grade + 20% semester final grade The semester grade: 80% of class grade + 20% semester final grade

4. What to Expect:  Homework/Assignments:  2-4 homework assignments/week (mostly via WebAssign)  Problem of the Week  Classroom assignments  Labs:  25% of class-time  Formal/informal labs  Big part of grade  Projects:  To be determined  2 per semester (written/hands-on)  Quizzes:  Multiple Choice/Free-Response  Tests:  AP format  Multiple choice/free-response

5. More on Labs  Formal Lab:  Data collection, analysis, full write-up, and extension.  Informal Lab:  Data collection, analysis, extension questions but no write-up.  “Hands-On” Activity  Really just an informal lab  I will pose a question/problem, give you access to certain materials, you will solve problem physically, and then write a paragraph length response to the question/problem. I expect you to keep a separate notebook for all labs. This will not be graded but is expected. Most science college courses will require this so get used to it.

6. The AP Test  Multiple Choice  50 questions, 90 mins, 50% of score  Discrete items  Items in sets  Multi-select items  Free-Response  5 questions, 90 mins, 50% of score  Experimental Design  Quantitative/Qualitative Translation  Short Answer (3 questions, one requiring a paragraph-length response) Most of the math will be in the multiple choice section, AP wants you to prove that you actually understand the underlying concepts in free-response.

7. Expectations:  Respect  The speaker (teacher, student, visitor, substitute… etc.)  The equipment  The classroom  Each other  Electronic devices  If you are on social sites, games, anything not related to what we are doing I CAN and WILL take it (I’m very sneaky… very very sneaky)  You CAN use it as: timer, calculator, to access WebAssign (IF THAT’s WHAT WE’RE DOING), to look up conversions, etc.

8. Expectations  Be Responsible  Take notes  Do your homework  Study  Come in for extra help  DO NOT wait for the last minute!

9. Six Flags Magic Mountain  Six Flags Magic Mountain is tentatively scheduled for February and more details will come as the semester goes along

10. Let’s Get Started S.I. SYSTEM AND UNIT CONVERSION, SIG- FIGS, UNCERTAINTY, AND LABS

11. S.I. System

12. Significant Figures (The Rules)  ALL non-zero numbers are significant (1, 2, 3,…)  Ex: 48,562 has 5 significant figures  ALL zeroes between non-zero numbers are significant  Ex: 402 has 3 significant figures  ALL zeroes which are to the right AND at the end of a number are significant.  2.00000 has 6 significant figures  0.0004 has 1 significant figure  ALL zeroes which are to the left of a decimal point are ALWAYS significant (because of the decimal point).  10.0 has 3 significant figures  10 has 1 significant figure AP now requires answers on the AP test to include significant figures. Go figure…

13. Significant Figures (Tips)  Convert large or small numbers into scientific notation first:  1000.00 = 1.00000 x 10 3 (6 significant figures)  1000 = 1 x 10 3 (1 significant figure)  0.00004 = 4 x 10 -5 (1 significant figure)  0.0000400 = 4.00 x 10 -5 (3 significant figures)  This way you can get rid of the insignificant zeroes!

14. Addition/Subtraction w/ Sig Figs  Count the number of decimal places in the decimal portion of each number in the problem.  Add or subtract like normal  Round the answer to the LEAST number of places in the decimal portion of any number in the problem  Example: 23.112233 ( 6 decimal places ) + 1.3324 ( 4 decimal places ) - 0.25 ( 2 decimal places )  Calculator answer: 24.194633  The least number of significant decimal places was 2  The correctly rounded answer is: 24.19

15. Practice 1. 3.461728 + 14.91 + 0.980001 + 5.2631 2. 23.1 + 4.77 + 125.39 + 3.581 3. 22.101 - 0.9307 4. 0.04216 - 0.0004134 5. 564,321 - 264,321 1.24.61 2.156.8 3.21.170 4.0.04175 5.300,000 1.24.61 2.156.8 3.21.170 4.0.04175 5.300,000

16. Multiplication/Division w/ Sig Figs  The least number of significant figures in any number determines the number of significant figures in the answer.  Must recognize all significant figures (not just the digits after the decimal point)  Example: 2.5 ( 2 sig-figs ) x 3.42 ( 3 sig-figs )  Calculator answer: 8.55  The least number of sig-figs was 2  Correctly rounded answer: 8.6

17. Practice 1.6.17 x 10 10 2.1.340 x 10 1 = 13.40 3.4.62 x 10 -22 4.2280 1.6.17 x 10 10 2.1.340 x 10 1 = 13.40 3.4.62 x 10 -22 4.2280

18. Lab Write-Ups EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW

19. Warm-Up 1 km = 0.6214 mi 1 gal = 3.7854 L 1 km = 0.6214 mi 1 gal = 3.7854 L

20. Purpose (2 pts.)  Restate the purpose of the lab  Identify materials needed for the lab  ALWAYS stated in y vs. x form  Example:  To determine the relationship between position and time for a battery operated car moving at constant velocity.

21. Data (2 pts.)  Collecting  6-8 values, 3 trials per value  Use full range of possibilities  Table  Convert to S.I. Units  Include Units  Only need averaged values  Graph  Graph average values only and throw major outliers out (this must be explained in the error analysis)  Any modified data

22. Graph (5 pts.)  MUST have the following components:  Origin set at (0,0) and labeled as such  Axes labeled (variable & units)  Regression statistics (the box with numbers)  “Straight” Line  Show the table of graphed data

23. Graph Example

24. Graphical Analysis (6 pts.)  y = mx + b (1 pt.)  Substitute variables and numbers with units (found in box) (2 pts.)  % error test (1 pt.)  % error <5% throw out “b”  6% < % error < 10% keep “b”  % error > 10% see about modifying  Final equation (units of slope must be simplified) (2 pts.)  Example: m/s/s = m/s 2  y = mx + b  position = (2 m/s)time + 0 meters  % error = |b/y-max|*100  % error = |0 m/16 m| *100 = 0%  x = (2 m/s)t

25. Good Morning/Afternoon!  Turn in parent interest survey  Have your example labs and lab packets from Friday out and ready to go.

26. Conclusion (5 pts.)  Answer the purpose of the lab  The relationship between position and time for a battery operated car moving at constant velocity is ___________.  Error Discussion  If error <5% discuss why sources of error were low.  If error >5% discuss why where the sources of error came from

27. Types of Error  NO SUCH THING AS “HUMAN ERROR”. Do not state this as a source of error in your labs.  Random Errors : an error which affects a measurement reading at random  The observer being less than perfect  The readability of the equipment  External effects on the observed item  Systematic Errors : an error which occurs at each reading  The observer being less than perfect in the same way each time  An instrument with a zero offset error  An instrument that is improperly calibrated Random errors can be reduced by repeated readings. Systematic errors can only be reduced by taking better readings. Random errors can be reduced by repeated readings. Systematic errors can only be reduced by taking better readings.

28. Precision vs. Accuracy  Precision  A measurement is precise if it has little random errors.  This means each measurement is close to the others.  A measurement can be very precise but not accurate.  Accuracy  A measurement is accurate if it has little systematic errors.  The measurements are very close to the true value.

29. Extension Questions (5 pts.)

30. Modifying Data  We always always always graph a straight line.  We can modify data by graphing:  y 2 vs. x  y vs. x 2  Y vs. x -1  It depends on what our original graph looks like.  The relationship we determine does not change.  Still follow the same steps of analysis.