2. REVISION: Britain, 1830-1930

3. POPULATION  Between 1830 and 1930 the population more than doubled  There were shifts in population from rural areas to urban areas  PULL FACTORS: 1. Better job prospects in the city 2. More to do in the city 3. A desire to be with family members

4. Population continued  PUSH FACTORS: 1. Highland Clearances 2. Irish/Highland Potato Famines 3. Job loss due to introduction of machinery  OTHER FACTORS: 1. Better healthcare meant people lived longer 2. Better pay meant people married younger and had bigger families

5. FARMING  Farming techniques were improved between 1830 and 1930  New machines like the combine harvester and threshing machine were introduced  New techniques in breeding came about  Enclosures replaced strip farming  Fertilisers were better

6. FARMING & PEOPLE  Many labourers lost their jobs due to new ploughs etc  Farming and rural communities suffered  As city populations grew more food had to be produced so existing farmers were very busy

7. INDUSTRY: Coal Mining  Most coalfields were in the Central Belt  Demand for coal was created by: 1. Industry, e.g. factories 2. Transport, e.g. trains and steamers 3. Fuel for houses  Early mines were called ‘bell pits’  Later mines were called ‘board & pillar’

8. Coal Mining - jobs  Young children opened trap doors for the trolleys  TRAPPERS:  HEWERS:  Men or older boys cut the coal  BEARERS:  Carts full of cut coal were dragged by women and children

9. Coal Mining – C20  Mines were nationalised during WW1  Coal was so essential during WW1 that miners were exempt from active service  After the war conditions suffered and the demand for coal dropped  Miners went on strike to get better conditions but this failed

10. TRANSPORT: Railways  The first trains were on wooden track down the mines  In 1812 the first railway was authorised by Parliament  George Stephenson’s ‘Rocket’ was one of the first locomotives  In 1830 the average speed of trains was 36 mph  In 1830 there were 69 miles of railway, but by 1870 there were 15,557 miles of track!

11. Benefits of Railway  People could go on holiday to other parts of the UK  Food could get to market much quicker  Mail could be delivered much faster  Common time was now kept because of timetables  People could move out of over-crowded cities and commute from rural areas  Created jobs, e.g. building the Forth Bridge

12. Disadvantages of Railway  It caused pollution  It destroyed some of the landscape  Some people were initially swindled out of their land  Some people were injured or killed on the tracks  Farms could be badly affected

13. Other modes of transport  By the 1920s it was not uncommon for people to use a motor car  Buses and lorries had also been invented by the end of our course  Ship building (luxury liners and war ships) was a huge industry in Glasgow.  Trams were popular in some cities.

14. HOUSING AND HEALTH  A growing population meant that cities became over- crowded  Some new towns developed because of industry or population increases  The poor tended to live in homes with poor sanitation, not enough windows and with a lack of running water  Typically the poor lived in back-to-back tenements

15. Other Housing  People who had become financially successful during the Industrial Revolution were able to live in terraced or semi-detached homes with gardens, inside toilets and running water.  Very rich people could afford a town house (usually 3 storeys) and a country mansion – with servants’ quarters

16. Improvements in Housing  World War One highlighted poverty to the government  Lloyd George wanted “homes fit for heroes”  New homes built had water, toilets, windows and many rooms  Wheatley Act of 1924 meant council houses had to be built  Slum clearances were also carried out

17. Health  Health problems among poor people often stemmed from bad housing and poor sanitation.  The worst epidemic of the time was cholera which killed thousands of people  Cholera was caused by drinking infected water  Other common diseases were smallpox, tuberculosis, diphtheria, typhoid

18. Health Improvements  The invention of the microscope meant doctors (like Robert Koch) could link germs to diseases like cholera  Big cities got clean water supplies: e.g. Loch Katrine Reservoir in Glasgow, 1876  Better diet, thanks to better transport  Cheaper soaps etc became available  Better medicines, vaccinations and antiseptics became available in hospitals  Public Health Act 1875 made sure the streets were clean

19. Democracy  In 1830 only wealthy, male landowners could become MPs or vote  Voting took place in hustings  1832 saw the Great Reform Act which gave the vote to some Middle Class males  1867 Reform Act expanded the vote to all Middle Class men and some Working Class men  1884 Act gave even more men in the rural areas the vote  In 1872 the Secret Ballot Act was introduced  In 1911 MPs received a salary for the 1 st time

20. Democracy for Women  The Representation of the Peoples Act of 1918 gave women over 30 the vote  The Representation of the Peoples Act of 1928 gave women over 21 the vote, which gave them equal voting rights with men  Women got the vote because of: 1. The NUWSS 2. The WSPU 3. World War I

21. Other Changes for Women  After WWI women no longer had to go out with a chaperone  Women cut their hair and started to dress how they wanted to  Women could work where they wanted but would not get equal pay until the 1960s  Women could go to University and make a career for themselves as a doctor, lawyer, teacher or businesswoman

22. Main Changes  UK’s population more than doubled  Industry overtook agriculture as the main employer  Middle Class and Working Class people gained more democratic rights  Women stopped being classed as second class citizens  Everyone got healthier  It became easier to move around the county