4. Confucius n Kong Fuzi (551-479 BCE) –Master Philosopher Kong n Aristocratic roots n Unwilling to compromise principle n Decade of unemployment, wandering n Returned home a failure, died soon thereafter n Teachings: Analects

5. Confucian Ideas n Ethics and politics –Avoided religion, metaphysics n Junzi: “superior individuals” –Role in government service n Emphasis on Zhou Dynasty texts –later formed core texts of Chinese education

6. Confucian Values n Ren –Kindness, benevolence –Needed in government! n Li –Courtesy & respect, especially to elders n Xiao –Filial piety n Traits lead to development of junzi –Ideal leaders

7. 1. Ruler Subject 2. Father Son 3. Husband Wife 4. Older Brother Younger Brother 5. Older Friend Younger Friend

8. * Status * Age * Gender

10. In Qufu, a city in Shandong Province, China

11. Mencius (372-289 BCE) n Principal Confucian scholar n Optimist, belief in power of ren n Not influential during lifetime –Considered prime exponent of Confucian thought since 10 th century

12. Xunzi (298-238 BCE) n Career as government administrator n Belief in fundamental selfishness of humanity –Compare with Mencius n Emphasis on li, rigid propriety n Believed in limits on individual interests and punishments for those who neglected their obligations to the larger society

14. Daoism n Critics of Confucianism –Passivism, rejection of active attempts to change the course of events n Founder: Laozi, 6 th c. BCE n The Daodejing (Classic of Way and of Virtue) n Zhuangzi (named for author, 369-236 BCE)

15. The Dao n “The Way” (of nature, of the cosmos) –Water: soft and yielding, but capable of eroding rock –Cavity of pots, wheels: nonexistent, but essential

16. Doctrine of Wuwei n Attempt to control universe results in chaos n Restore order by disengagement –No advanced education –No ambition n Simple living in harmony with nature n Cultivate self-knowledge

17. 1. Rejecting formal knowledge and learning. 2. Relying on the senses and instincts. 3. Discovering the nature and “rhythm” of the universe. 4. Ignoring political and social laws. To escape the “social, political, & cultural traps” of life, one must escape by:

18. * Masculine * Active * Light * Warmth * Strong * Heaven; Sun * Feminine * Passive * Darkness * Cold * Weak * Earth; Moon

19. Political Implications of Daoism n Confucianism as public doctrine n Daoism as private pursuit n Ironic combination allowed intellectuals to pursue both

21. 1. Human nature is naturally selfish. 2. Intellectualism and literacy is discouraged. 3. Law is the supreme authority and replaces morality. 4. The ruler must rule with a strong, punishing hand. 5. War is the means of strengthening a ruler’s power.

22. Legalism n Emphasis on development of the state –Ruthless, end justifies the means n Role of Law –Strict punishment for violators –Principle of collective responsibility n Shang Yang (390-338 BCE), The Book of the Lord Shang n Han Feizi (280-233 BCE) –Forced to commit suicide by political enemies

23. Legalist Doctrine n Two strengths of the state –Agriculture –Military n Emphasized development of peasant, soldier classes n Distrust of pure intellectual, cultural pursuits n Historically, often imitated but rarely praised

24. Qin Dynasty 221 BCE – 206 BCE

25. China under the Qin dynasty, 221-207 B.C.E.

26. Unification of China n Qin dynasty develops, 4 th -3 rd centuries BCE n Generous land grants under Shang Yang –Private farmers decrease power of large landholders –Increasing centralization of power n Improved military technology

27. The First Emperor n Qin Shihuangdi (r. 221-210 BCE) founds new dynasty as “First Emperor” n Dynasty ends in 207, but sets dramatic precedent n Basis of rule: centralized bureaucracy n Massive public works begun –Precursor to Great Wall

28. Resistance to Qin Policies n Emperor orders execution of all critics n Orders burning of all ideological works n Some 460 scholars buried alive n Others exiled n Massive cultural losses

29. Qin Centralization n Standardized: –Laws –Currencies –Weights and measures –Script Previously: single language written in distinct scripts n Building of roads, bridges

30. Massive Tomb Projects n Built by 700,000 workers n Slaves, concubines, and craftsmen sacrificed and buried n Excavated in 1974, 15,000 terra cotta sculptures of soldiers, horses, and weapons unearthed

31. n The figures include warriors, chariots, horses, officials, acrobats, strongmen, and musicians. n Current estimates are that in the three pits containing the Terracotta Army there were over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which are still buried in the pits.

33. The Great Wall of China

34. How is a man to live in a world dominated by chaos, suffering, and absurdity?? Confucianism --> Moral order in society. Legalism --> Rule by harsh law & order. Daoism --> Freedom for individuals and less govt. to avoid uniformity and conformity.

35. Han Dynasty 206 BCE – 220 CE

36. The Han Dynasty & Tributary States

37. The Han Dynasty n Civil disorder brings down Qin dynasty 207 BCE n Liu Bang forms new dynasty: the Han (206 BCE-220 CE) –Former Han (206 BCE-9 CE) –Interruption 9-23 CE –Later Han (25-220 CE)

38. Early Han Policies n Relaxed Qin tyranny without returning to Zhou anarchy n Created large landholdings n But maintained control over administrative regions n After failed rebellion, took more central control

39. Han Centralization n The Martial Emperor: Han Wudi (141-87 BCE) n Increased taxes to fund more public works n But huge demand for government officials, decline since Qin persecution

40. Confucian Educational System n Han Wudi establishes an Imperial University in 124 BCE n Not a lover of scholarship, but demanded educated class for bureaucracy n Adopted Confucianism as official course of study n 3000 students by end of Former Han, 30,000 by end of Later Han

41. Han Imperial Expansion n Invasions of Vietnam, Korea n Constant attacks from Xiongnu –Nomads from Central Asia –Horsemen –Brutal: Maodun (210-174 BCE), had soldiers murder his wife, father n Han Wudi briefly dominates Xiongnu

42. East Asia and central Asia at the time of Han Wudi, ca. 87 BCE

43. Patriarchal Social Order n Classic of Filial Piety –Subordination to elder males n Admonitions for Women –Female virtues: Humility, obedience, subservience, loyalty

44. Iron Metallurgy n Expansion of iron manufacture –Iron tips on tools abandoned as tools entirely made from iron n Increased food production n Superior weaponry

45. Other technological Developments n Cultivation of silkworms –Breeding –Diet control Other silk-producing lands relied on wild worms n Development of paper –Bamboo, fabric abandoned in favor of wood and textile-based paper

46. The Silk Road in the 1 st Century

47. Population Growth in the Han Dynasty n 220 BCE 20 million people n By 9 CE 60 million people n General prosperity n Increased agricultural productivity n Taxes small part of overall income n Produce occasionally spoiling in state granaries

48. Economic and Social Difficulties n Expenses of military expeditions, esp. vs. Xiongnu n Taxes increasing n Arbitrary property confiscations rise n Increasing gap between rich and poor –Slavery, tenant farming increase –Banditry, rebellion

49. Reign of Wang Mang (9-23 CE) n Wang Mang regent for 2-year old Emperor, 6 CE n Takes power himself 9 CE n Introduces massive reforms –The “socialist emperor” –Land redistribution, but poorly handled n Social chaos ends in his assassination 23 CE

50. Later Han Dynasty n Han Dynasty emperors manage, with difficulty, to reassert control n Yellow Turban uprising challenges land distribution problems n Internal court intrigue n Weakened Han Dynasty collapses by 220 CE