1. Emotional Intelligence
Ability to…
Perceive emotions
Recognize them in faces, music, and stories
Understand emotions
Predict them and how they change and blend
Manage emotions
Know how to express them in varied situations
Use emotions
Enable adaptive or creative thinking

2. Emotional Intelligence cont’d
Was it easier for you to express emotions to others OR figure out which emotion you had?
What types of things were you looking for as you tried to identify which emotion you had?
Were there any cultural factors that came into play as you interacted with others?
For those that had the 6 basic emotions, was you experience different?
(Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happiness, Sadness, Surprise)

3. Physiology, Expression, and Conscious Experience
Emotion
Physiology, Expression, and Conscious Experience
Are emotions inborn or learned?

4. Defined: A response of the whole organism, involving: Physical arousal
Expressive behaviors
Conscious experience

5. Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory William James and Carl Lange
“We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble.” (1890)
States that bodily changes occur and then emotions follow
Physiological response comes first
We feel emotion after we notice our body responds

6. James-Lange Theory
Something happens
Body reacts
Emotion produced

7. Cannon-Bard Theory Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
States that there is a simultaneous triggering of physiological response and subjective experience of emotion
We feel emotion when our body responds
Your heart begins pounding as you experience fear

8. Cannon-Bard Theory

9. Two-Factor Theory Also referred to as the…
Schachter-Singer’s Theory
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
Physiology and cognition create emotion
To experience emotion one must…
Be physically aroused
Be able to cognitively label arousal

10. Two-Factor Theory Something happens We experience arousal We label it
Emotion produced

11. Two-Factor Theory

14. Appraisal Theory and Emotion
A theory of emotion which implicates people’s personal interpretations of an event in determining their emotional reaction.
The most  important part of this theory is the way in which we interpret the event
Positive or negative
Level of severity
Cause of event – Perceived control over event
Event => Thinking => Simultaneous arousal and emotion

15. Appraisal Theory - Lazarus
Richard Lazarus
This challenges the two-factor separation of arousal and emotion, supporting the Cannon and Bard theory albeit with the addition of the thinking step.
In primary appraisal, we consider how the situation affects our personal well-being.
In secondary appraisal we consider how we might cope with the situation.

16. REVIEW
Claudette walks into a movie theatre and sees her boyfriend of two years, Walter, hugging an attractive girl in the lobby of the theater. As she makes her way toward her boyfriend, she realizes she is both sad and angry.
Explain Claudette’s emotional experience using the Schachter Two-Factor Theory

17. Role of Autonomic Nervous System
The physiological arousal felt during various emotions is orchestrated by the sympathetic nervous system
Later, the parasympathetic divisions calm down the body

18. 8 Primary Emotions As suggested by Robert Plutchik
Psycho-evolutionary theory of emotion
Made up of pairs of opposites
Joy & sadness
Fear & anger
Surprise & anticipation
Acceptance & disgust

19. Plutchik’s Primary Emotions
Plutchik’s Application of Evolutionary Theory
Animals and humans have the same basic emotions
Emotions evolve over time
Basic emotions can be identified
Factors:
Opposites, Similarity, Intensity
Combinations exist
Love – combo of joy and trust

24. Are Facial Expressions Innate?

25. Facial Expressions Are Innate
Both people who can see and people who have been blind since birth have similar facial expressions of emotions
Such observations suggests that facial expressions are innate

26. Nonverbal Communication of Emotion
It’s not just facial expression…
Voice quality
Body language
Posture and the way we move communicates information
Personal space
Explicit acts
Slamming doors, pounding fist, etc.

27. Primary vs. Secondary Emotions
Primary emotions (Primary appraisal)
The first emotions a person feels consequent to an event
Often then masked by secondary emotions
Secondary emotions (Secondary appraisal)
Those that are felt the most
Based on conscious or unconscious value judgements placed on primary emotions
They can also make it difficult to discover the deeper problem at hand

28. Emotional Differences
Gender
Some research suggests that the genders differ in how much emotion they express
Women describe more complex emotional experiences
Women have a greater “emotional literacy”
Research has shown that women appear to display more emotion than men
More compelling differences with negative emotions
Sadness, fear, shame, guilt
Gender Differences
Some research suggests that the genders differ in how much emotion they express. In North America, women appear to display more emotion than men. Anger is an exception—men tend to express anger more than women, particularly toward strangers.
This gender difference in expressiveness is not absolute. It depends on gender roles, cultural norms, and context:
For both men and women, having a nontraditional gender role leads to increased emotional expressiveness.
In some cultures, women and men are equally expressive.
In some contexts, men and women do not differ in expressiveness. For example, neither men nor women are likely to express anger toward someone more powerful than themselves.

29. Emotion & Culture
Some aspects of emotion are universal to all cultures, while other aspects differ across cultures
Similarities:
People in different cultures can identify the six basic emotions – similar in people from different cultures
Differences:
Although many emotional expressions are universal, some differences exist:
Prioritization of emotions
Hiding/severity of emotions
“Display rules”
Differences Among Cultures
Although many emotions and expressions of emotions are universal, some differences exist among cultures:
Categories of emotions: People in different cultures categorize emotions differently. Some languages have labels for emotions that are not labeled in other languages.
Example:
Tahitians do not have a word for sadness. Germans have a word, schadenfreude, indicating joy at someone else’s misfortune, that has no equivalent in English.
Prioritization of emotions: Different cultures consider different emotions to be primary.
Shame is considered a key emotion in some non-Western cultures, but it is less likely to be considered a primary emotion in many Western cultures.
Different emotions evoked: The same situation may evoke different emotions in different cultures.
A pork chop served for dinner might evoke disgust in the majority of people in Saudi Arabia, while it’s likely to provoke happiness in many people in the United States.

30. Let’s look at some cartoons…
Facial Feedback
Proposal that brain uses feedback from facial muscles to recognize emotions being experienced
Feel-good, Do-good phenomenon
Let’s look at some cartoons…

31. How do Emotions Affect Behavior?
Positive Effect
Help us organize our behavior
Energize our motivation to act
Help us get “in tune” with others
Negative Effect
Cause behavior to be unorganized or socially disapproved
Create barriers to behavior