2. What is the ‘Voice’ of a verb? Unit 7 – Presentation 1 “a set of rules governing the formation of tenses so as to show who does sth or to whom sth is done” How many Voices are there? Technically speaking, 2: the Active & the Passive Voices but there is also some kind of Middle Voice.

3. What is important in each Voice? Active: the subject Passive: the action Middle: the fact that the action returns to its instigator

5. It’s the basic English syntax (SVO) & the normal formation & use of the verb tenses. How is the Active Voice formed?

6. be + past participle & then following 4 steps to turn an active sentence into a passive one. How is the Passive Voice formed?

7. 1.The object of the Active Sentence (AS) becomes the subject in the Passive Sentence (PS) 2.The verb ‘be’ is conjugated in the tense of the AS 3.The main AS verb becomes a past participle 4.If need be, the AS subject becomes the PS agent (by …) What are the 4 steps that change an Active sentence into a Passive one?

8. Only transitive verbs can be passive. Some transitive verbs may not be changeable. Some usually intransitive verbs can change if used as dependent (on a preposition). There are only 2 Continuous Tenses in the Passive. What are some presuppositions about the Passive Voice?

9. The agent may be redundant because it is i) too general, ii) unknown, iii) easily understood. English PV verbs may not always translate (well) into Greek. If the AV verb is a Double-object one, we have two possible transformations. The verbs that do not form a PS from their person-object are transformed by means of the Auxiliary Passive Form. Passive Voice presuppositions (cont’d)

10. When the AS object is a ‘that’ clause and not a noun, we have 2 possible transformations: an impersonal construction (it is said that …) & a personal one (sb/ sth is said to …) A special case in the Passive Voice

11. have sth done is the same as the Causative form of the verb but when used as a Passive form it implies that the subject has sth done to him/ her rather than for him/ her. The Auxiliary Passive Form

12. Can also have get/ need/ want/ would like/ etc and shows ‘causality’, i.e. the subject causes the action but do not do it themselves. The Causative Form of the verb

13. have sb do sth & get sb to do sth Other Causal Uses of ‘Have’ & ‘Get’

14. 1.Careful with Questions in Passive Voice 2.In informal usage, use ‘get’ instead of ‘be’ 3.The Passive is more formal than the Active 4.To turn a PS into an AS, use the 4 steps in reverse order Various Notes on the Passive Voice

16. It does not exist in English as a tense formation. Some verbs contain a ‘reflexive’ meaning in themselves & some others can be made to through the use of the Reflexive Pronouns. What do we know about the Middle Voice from Unit 2?

17. Some verbs change meaning with the ‘–self’ pronouns! Active – TransitiveReflexive - Intransitive enjoyenjoy oneself rise aboverise above oneself kickkick oneself parkpark oneself keepkeep oneself to oneself forgetforget oneself behavebehave oneself