1. Ways of knowing

2. How do we know things? Experience Authority Belief Intuition Science Traditional Ecological Knowledge TEK Reasoning Plus more??

3. Perception The world is round but we perceive it as flat. The earth rotates but we perceive the sun rising and setting. Our perception can be very different from reality - think of magicians

4. Oral Culture Written culture

5. Language Relationship between “things” and words.

6. Me’en Tribe of Ethiopia Picture recognition

9. 9 Hieroglyphics

10. Cuniform writing - simplified about 1000 pictographs to 400 synpols

11. Alphabet: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

12. Greek Greek philosophers – deductionExplained natural phenomena by observing nature.

13. Separation of mind from body this led to a symbolic and abstract language I control my body I grow vegetables I can manage nature I has become a bodiless psyche

14. World View A framework for explaining our place and role in nature. Animism Greek philosophy Judeo-Christian

15. J-C worldview Answers to questions sought from people or texts of authority (sound familiar?) By 1300’s Greek philosophy slowly filtered to the ‘west’ translated from Greek to Arabic to Latin Gutenberg 1397-1468 Black Death Universities and Museums

16. Turning point came in 1543 Publication of Archimedes Publication of De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestrium by Copernicus Publication of De Humani Corporis Fabrica by Vasalius 16

17. Mechanical World View Started in mid 1600’s Francis Bacon – Novum Organum 1620 liberate from the natural world objective knowledge HOW not WHY

18. René Descartes (1596-1650) - mathematics - "Cogito ergo sum" “I think, therefore I am” Isaac Newton (1642-1727) mechanical motion, gravity Science was born - the only way to know!

19. Politics and Economics John Locke (1632-1704) social role of the state was to promote the subjugation of nature, trickle down theory Adam Smith (1723-1790) economist “Wealth of Nations”, the Invisible Hand Our present day economic system was born economic system and science

20. Mechanical world view Machine Analogy. Parts make up wholes; understand the parts and we can understand the whole. This is called Reductionism. Separation of humans from the rest of nature. We can manage the machine.

21. What is Science?

22. Sir Francis Bacon 1561-1626 Western science Philosophical system for investigating nature Did not like deductive reasoning - accept something as true and then deduce a consequence We see what we believe rather than believe what we see. Stressed induction – observation (data) and experimentation

23. Science? A way of knowing Based on repeatability Based on coming up with the most plausible answer from a suite of possible answers. “This is the most accurate statement that can be made with the evidence at hand” A process of going from singular propositions to general propositions.

24. Theory Law Rule Model Hypothesis Auxiliary Hypothesis Ad hoc Hypothesis Working Hypothesis Fact Singular proposition General Proposition

25. Testing hypotheses How many ways can two things be identical? How many ways can two things be different?

26. Justificationism

27. Falsificationism

29. The Process of Science Observation – induction Question – Hypothesis Logic – if... then... Statistical hypothesis – H 0 (no difference between observed and expected) and H 1 (observed and expected are different) Experiment – Result – reject or accept hypothesis alternative hypotheses Remember proof in science is impossible