1. 6.1 FILE ORGANIZATION BIT: Binary Digit (0,1; Y,N; On,Off)BIT: Binary Digit (0,1; Y,N; On,Off) BYTE: Combination of BITS which represent a CHARACTERBYTE: Combination of BITS which represent a CHARACTER FIELD: Grouping of characters int a word, group of words, or a complete number (column)FIELD: Grouping of characters int a word, group of words, or a complete number (column) RECORD: Group of related fields (row)RECORD: Group of related fields (row)*

2. 6.2 FILE ORGANIZATION FILE: A Collection of Similar RECORDSFILE: A Collection of Similar RECORDS DATABASE: A group of related filesDATABASE: A group of related files*

3. 6.3 Bit Byte Field Record File Database Hierarchy 0 01001010 (Letter J in ASCII) User ID (T087) User ID First Name Last Name Basic Charge Dept Code T087 Denise Carr $10.00 PLN User ID First Name Last Name Basic Charge Dept Code T087 Denise Carr $10.00 PLN T129 T238 Dept User

4. 6.4 KEY FIELD Field in Each Record Uniquely Identifies THIS Record For RETRIEVAL UPDATING UPDATINGSORTING* KEY FIELD: Field Used to Retrieve, Update, Sort RECORD

5. 6.5 SEQUENTIAL VS. DIRECT FILE ORGANIZATION SEQUENTIAL: Tape Oriented; One File Follows Another; Follows Physical SequenceSEQUENTIAL: Tape Oriented; One File Follows Another; Follows Physical Sequence DIRECT: Disk Oriented; Can be Accessed Without Regard to Physical SequenceDIRECT: Disk Oriented; Can be Accessed Without Regard to Physical Sequence*

6. 6.6 FILING METHODS INDEXED SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD (ISAM) :INDEXED SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD (ISAM) : –EACH RECORD IDENTIFIED BY KEY –GROUPED IN BLOCKS AND CYLINDERS –KEYS IN INDEX VIRTUAL STORAGE ACCESS METHOD (VSAM) :VIRTUAL STORAGE ACCESS METHOD (VSAM) : –MEMORY DIVIDED INTO AREAS & INTERVALS –DYNAMIC FILE SPACE VSAM WIDELY USED FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES VSAM WIDELY USED FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES DIRECT FILE ACCESS METHODDIRECT FILE ACCESS METHOD*

7. 6.7 DIRECT FILE ACCESS METHOD EACH RECORD HAS KEY FIELDEACH RECORD HAS KEY FIELD KEY FIELD FED INTO TRANSFORM ALGORITHMKEY FIELD FED INTO TRANSFORM ALGORITHM ALGORITHM GENERATES PHYSICAL STORAGE LOCATION OF RECORD (RECORD ADDRESS)ALGORITHM GENERATES PHYSICAL STORAGE LOCATION OF RECORD (RECORD ADDRESS)*

8. 6.8 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS) SOFTWARE TO CREATE & MAINTAIN DATA ENABLES BUSINESS APPLICATIONS TO EXTRACT DATA ENABLES BUSINESS APPLICATIONS TO EXTRACT DATA INDEPENDENT OF SPECIFIC COMPUTER PROGRAMS INDEPENDENT OF SPECIFIC COMPUTER PROGRAMS* DBMS

9. 6.9 COMPONENTS OF DBMS: DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE:DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE: –Defines data elements in database DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE: –Manipulates data for applications DATA DICTIONARY:DATA DICTIONARY: –Formal definitions of all variables in database; controls variety of database contents * DBMS

10. 6.10

11. 6.11 RELATIONAL DATA MODEL DATA IN TABLE FORMATDATA IN TABLE FORMAT RELATION: TABLERELATION: TABLE TUPLE: ROW (RECORD) IN TABLETUPLE: ROW (RECORD) IN TABLE FIELD: COLUMN (ATTRIBUTE) IN TABLEFIELD: COLUMN (ATTRIBUTE) IN TABLE*

12. 6.12 SELECT [User Frank DeWolf].[User Id], [User Frank DeWolf].[First Name], [User Frank DeWolf].[Last Name], [User Frank DeWolf].[Phone Ext] FROM [User Frank DeWolf] WHERE ((([User Frank DeWolf].[Basic Charge])=13)); SQL Definition: The standard data manipulation language for Relational database management systems. Example (code generated by our MS-Access project:

13. 6.13 TYPES OR RELATIONS ONE-TO-ONE: STUDENT ID ONE-TO-MANY: CLASS STUDENT A STUDENT B STUDENT C MANY-TO-MANY: STUDENT A STUDENT B STUDENT C CLASS 1 CLASS 2

14. 6.14 ROOT FIRST CHILD 2nd CHILD RatingsSalary Compensation Job Assignments PensionInsuranceHealth Benefits Employer HIERARCHICAL DATA MODEL

15. 6.15 NETWORK DATA MODEL VARIATION OF HIERARCHICAL MODELVARIATION OF HIERARCHICAL MODEL USEFUL FOR MANY-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPSUSEFUL FOR MANY-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPS* NETWORK A NETWORK B NETWORK C NETWORK 1 NETWORK 2

16. 6.16 DISTRIBUTED DATABASES PARTITIONED: remote CPUs (connected to host) have files unique to that site, e.g., records on local customersPARTITIONED: remote CPUs (connected to host) have files unique to that site, e.g., records on local customers DUPLICATE: each remote CPU has copies of common files, e.g., layouts for standard reports and formsDUPLICATE: each remote CPU has copies of common files, e.g., layouts for standard reports and forms*

17. 6.17 DATABASE TRENDS DATA WAREHOUSE: Organization’s electronic library stores consolidated current & historic data for management reporting & analysisDATA WAREHOUSE: Organization’s electronic library stores consolidated current & historic data for management reporting & analysis DATA MART: Small data warehouse for special function, e.G., Focused marketing based on customer infoDATA MART: Small data warehouse for special function, e.G., Focused marketing based on customer info*

18. 6.18 COMPONENTS OF DATA WAREHOUSE

19. 6.19 DATABASE ADMINISTRATION DEFINES & ORGANIZES DATABASE STRUCTURE AND CONTENTDEFINES & ORGANIZES DATABASE STRUCTURE AND CONTENT DEVELOPS SECURITY PROCEDURESDEVELOPS SECURITY PROCEDURES DEVELOPS DATABASE DOCUMENTATIONDEVELOPS DATABASE DOCUMENTATION MAINTAINS DBMSMAINTAINS DBMS*