1. COLLECTIVE SECURITY WHAT CAN MAKE US ALL SAFE? Hobbes & Rousseau: Do we need an international Leviathan that imposes its will? What are the main advantages and problems with this approach? Kant: Can we all work together to have collective security involving all nations (i.e., the League of Nations)? What are the main problems and advantages with this approach?

2. COLLECTIVE SECURITY The middle options: Great power security concerts: Where (1) all important states are committed to maintaining the SQ and the other GP’s; (2) no major action takes place without consensus; (3) States don’t upset the SQ unilaterally… The UN’s Security Council Regional collective security systems like NATO, which are more flexible to the rise and fall of powers. Trying to create international institutions that can mitigate the core causes of some conflict (new state recognition, refugees, development, and trade/ finance issues). Key here is expertise and resources. Creating international norms and venues for dispute resolution (human rights, the world court, R2P).

3. WHAT IS THE UN SUPPOSED TO DO AND HOW? The mandate: Punish state violators of intl. law related to sovereignty and security: Deal with inter-state aggression: Korea (1950s), Iraq I Deal with regional threats: Iraq 2, N. Korea, Iran, Syria Prevent genocide: Darfur Dispute resolution, buffering & peacekeeping; 2010 124 th troops in 16 missions (x9 increase since 2009) Social investment to prevent crises (UNICEF, WHO) Economic security (IMF, World Bank, WTO) Humanitarian intervention if asked or there is state collapse (Somalia) A new norm emerging: R2P (permission to intervene if war crimes, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity)

4. WHAT IS THE UN SUPPOSED TO DO AND HOW? Its resources… A forum, legitimacy, norms Treaties and intl. agreements Economic and / or soft sanctions Permitting military intervention by third parties Aid and expertise

5. WHY IS THE UN FAILING? (1) Some say it doesn’t work: 680 intl. military exchanges during its 1 st 45 yrs; multiple genocides, an inability to deal with new problems Maybe it is working: No major conflicts to date, the containment of nukes, and considerable learning over time; human rights norms and an intl. trade system The biggest challenges: The Article of Confederation problem: The UN system emphasizes sovereignty at the expense of other considerations The intl. system in general, and the UN in particular, still favors powerful and rich, which has led to a North-South split The security council’s 5 vetoes on major policy and UN leadership posts is too inflexible both with respect to process and representation of changes in the intl system. No autonomy or isolation for UN ambassadors Ideological splits among the security council members prevent the UN from working; they violate intl. law themselves. A GP concert is supposed to say that only when we all agree there will be action… but here is a lack of a collective leadership among the GPs.

6. WHY IS THE UN FAILING? (2) The General Assembly has too little ability to initiate: Its resolutions not binding No independent funding: $5 billion or so this year, plus another $10b in peacekeeping; by comparisons the US dept of defense = $1 trillion or so this yr); In the big picture UN gets about 1/1000 the total funding that is spent on military funding globally It gives equal voice to morons Too many agencies and tasks for just 60 thousand employees… NYC has about half a million by itself. No armed force of its own; no wonder it always uses a screwdriver (diplomacy) when it needs a hammer that usually isn’t in the drawer. Submission to the jurisdiction of the World Court is optional Lack of clarity/ binding rules on the use of force

7. HOW DO WE FIX THINGS IN THE WORLD OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY? (1) Replace the UN with an expanded NATO or a league of democracies? Should we reform the UN’s leadership? More autonomy and resources for the secretary general? Should we have a global tax (on carbon?) and permanent civil service? Adopt a 25 member sec. council with 6 more perm. Members (Br, Ind, Germ, Jap) Get rid of the vetoes or at least restrict their use (4/5ths approval? No using it for yourself?) Set standards for who sits on the Commission on Human Rights and other key commissions

8. HOW DO WE FIX THINGS IN THE WORLD OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY? (2) Expand the UN’s Mission by rethinking sovereignty? Implement a mandatory Right to Protect obligation: The UN should take on formal responsibility to protect civilians when states do not (go beyond genocide and security justifications to require outside intervention in the case of war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity). Become proactive on self-defense, including clarifying the use of preventative force Deal with wars within states; set up more peacekeeping options More aggressive attack on poverty & disease in the South