1. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CREATING A NATION AND A SOCIETY Seventh Edition Chapter Europeans and Africans Reach the Americas 2

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Europeans and Africans Reach the Americas Breaching the Atlantic The Spanish Conquest of America England Looks West African Bondage Conclusion: Converging Worlds

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Breaching the Atlantic

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Columbian Voyages Columbus spends 10 years looking for sponsor  Queen Isabella pays for a voyage Sails, 1492  Lands in Bahamas  Explores Hispaniola, Cuba Three more voyages financed

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Portuguese Voyages of Exploration

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Religious Background Martin Luther, Protestant Reformation, from 1517  Attacks on Catholic rites, institutions  Reforms taken farther by John Calvin Religious reform intersects with politics  Henry VIII Protestant countries slower to colonize  First Europeans in Americas were Catholic

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Spanish Conquest of America

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana First Conquests First Spanish colony on Hispaniola  Goal shifts to securing labor forces  Sugar plantations established  European diseases disastrous Attack on Tenochititlán, 1515  Defeated Aztecs  Smallpox devastating Pizarro captures Cuzco, 1533

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Great Dying Europeans have immunities to lethal diseases  Hispaniola: from 1 million to a few thousand  Smallpox lethal to Inca Enslavement increases mortality

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Columbian Exchange Environment transformed Herd animals  Hard on plants in some areas, especially pigs Weed seeds transported Squash, peanuts, beans, tomatoes to Europe Corn and potatoes most important

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Aztec Corn Myth

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Silver and Sugar Silver abundant in Bolivia, Mexico  Slave labor used Influx of silver into Europe  Price revolution  Commerce stimulated Portugal invests in sugar plantations  Use of African slaves Sugar growing extended to Caribbean

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Spain’s Northern Frontier Early 1500, Spanish explore South, Southwest Hernán de Soto – Florida to Arkansas  Exploration destructive Florida settled by Franciscans Coronado into New Mexico, Colorado  No mineral resources  Missions established

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Spanish Entradas in North America

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana England Looks West

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Challenging Spain France  Jacques Cartier and Giovanni de Verrazano  Search for route to India

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Challenging Spain (cont'd) England  John Cabot – 1497 voyages sponsored by England  No other voyages until 1550  Search for markets  Rivalry with Spain around 1600  First colony – Roanoke – disappears  Renewed religious war spurs emigration in 1600s

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Concepts of North America Portrayals of North American Indians  Gentle, simple, welcoming  Savage, hostile, primitive  Colored by Spanish accounts Colonists have sense of entitlement  Based on Indian “waste”  Land not under any “Christian prince” available

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Watercolor of an Indian town

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Manhattan before colonists first arrived

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Pomeiock Noblewoman and Daughter

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana African Bondage

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana African Bondage Slave trade continues for centuries Use of slaves brings new crops from Europe  Sugar, coffee, rice, tobacco  Commerce shifts to Atlantic Impact  Cultural exchange in both directions  Race remains an issue

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Slave Trade Portuguese  Sugar cultivation relies on slave labor Dutch replace Portuguese as slave traders  Through 1600s  English dominate from early 1700s

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Slave Trade (cont'd) Slave ships  Horrific conditions, driving some to suicide  Crossing took one or two months  Many arrive insane or dying

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana West African Slaving Forts

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Conclusion: Converging Worlds

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Conclusion: Converging Worlds Voyages – 1400s and 1500s  Initiate contact between Europe, Africa, Americas  Foundations of global networks Spain dominates in this period Columbian Exchange Transatlantic slave trade

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Conclusion: Converging Worlds (cont’d) English immigrants arrive late in Americas Foundation of new societies  Blending European and American cultures

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Timeline