1. KIN 464 - Health Promotion & Physical Activity
Key Concepts in Health Promotion
Social Determinants of Health
INSTRUCTOR: Lori Bowie
January 7, 2016

2. Defining Health Promotion
‘the process of enabling people to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health” (WHO, 1986).
a comprehensive process
Involving actions directed at:
strengthening the skills and capabilities of individuals
empowering communities
changing social, environmental and economic conditions to improve public and individual health.

3. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 1st International Conference on Health Promotion Ottawa, WHO 1986
Health – a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living.
Health - a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.
not just the responsibility of the health sector
beyond healthy life-styles to well-being

4. Health Promotion Actions Ottawa Charter (WHO, 1986)
Advocate
Enable
Mediate
Build Healthy Public Policy
Create Supportive Environments
Strengthen Community Actions
Develop Personal Skills
Reorient Health Services
Moving to the Future

5. Group Activity Ottawa Charter’s Recommended Actions
Blue Zones Vitality Project
School of Public Health
University of Minnesota
Dan Buettner
TEDMED 2011
Build Healthy Public Policy 1. 2.
Create Supportive Environments
Strengthen Community Actions
Develop Personal Skills
Reorient Health Services
What could be done to reorient health services - greater investment in primary and prevention services vs. treating disease?
Leslie Lytle  project co-director (Epidemiology professor ):
“We didn’t propose an Albert Lea Diet or an Albert Lea Fitness Program, we…[worked] with the community to make all the environments healthier”(

6. Health Promotion Key Concepts, Values, Principles
Multidimensional positive view of health
Participation
Social justice
Empowerment
Community engagement
Partnerships
Multisectoral Collaboration
Healthy Public Policy
Advocacy
Socio-ecological approach
Equity
Community Development

7. A Values-based Approach…
Practice and research in Health Promotion has traditionally been developed based on values such as participation, equity and empowerment.
(Mantoura & Potvin, 2013)

8. Shifting the focus… Individual Behaviour Policy & Social Determinants
Quality of life – Healthiness – Resiliency & Capacity

9. “The primary factors that shape the health of Canadians are not medical treatments or lifestyle choices but rather the living conditions they experience”

10. Prerequisites for Health Ottawa Charter Social Determinants of Health
(WHO, 1986)
Social Determinants of Health
The Canadian Facts
(Mikkonen & Raphael, 2010)
Shelter
Housing
Education
Food
Food Insecurity
Income
Social justice and equity
Social Exclusion
Social Safety Network
A stable eco-system
Sustainable resources
Peace
Unemployment & Job Security Employment & Working Conditions
Health Services
Early Childhood Development
Aboriginal Status Gender
Race Disability

11. Social Determinants of Health
1. Income 2. Education 3. Unemployment & Job Security 4. Employment & Working Conditions 5. Early Childhood Development 6. Food Insecurity 7. Housing 8. Social Exclusion 9. Social Safety Network 10. Health Services 11. Aboriginal Status 12. Gender 13. Race 14. Disability
Source: The Canadian Facts (Mikkonen & Raphael, 2010)

12. Socio-economic Gradient in Health Status
“ Poverty is not a lifestyle” (Raphael, 2009)
Raphael, D. (2009). In D. Raphael (Ed.) Social Determinants of Health (2nd ed.) Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.

13. Personal Agency and/or ?
"Why is Jason in the hospital? Because he has a bad infection in his leg.
But why does he have an infection? Because he has a cut on his leg and it got infected.
But why does he have a cut on his leg? Because he was playing in the junk yard next to his apartment building and there was some sharp, jagged steel there that he fell on.
But why was he playing in a junk yard? Because his neighborhood is kind of run down. A lot of kids play there and there is no one to supervise them.
But why does he live in that neighborhood? Because his parents can't afford a nicer place to live.
But why can't his parents afford a nicer place to live? Because his Dad is unemployed and his Mom is sick.
But why is his Dad unemployed? Because he doesn't have much education and he can't find a job.
But why …?"
PHAC

14. Determinants of Health Healthy child development
Group Exercise
Determinants of Health
Actions to help Jason
and his family
Stress
Income and employment
Education
Healthy child development
Social connectedness
Food insecurity
Housing

15. Making the healthy choice the easy choice?
Lifestyle approaches assume that people have control over their circumstances and everyday choices... Is this approach effective? Inclusive? Fair?
What does this mean “making the healthy choice the easy choice”?
Emphasizing personal health responsibility = blaming victims?
Raphael, D. (2009). In D. Raphael (Ed.) Social Determinants of Health (2nd ed.) Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.

16. WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health
Recommendations:
Improving daily living conditions
Tackling the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources
Assessing the impact of action

17. MORE than Healthy Lifestyle messaging
There is still too much focus on lifestyle messaging that promotes healthy diets, physical activity, and smoking cessation due to the ‘obesity epidemic’.
We need MORE action on health determinants - emphasis on the role of government, healthy public policy, community empowerment, fair distribution of resources in society.
Raphael (2008)

18. Upstream - Downstream

19. Refocusing Upstream
"I am standing by the shore of a swiftly flowing river and hear the cry of a drowning man. I jump into the cold waters. I fight against the strong current and force my way to the struggling man. I hold on hard and gradually pull him to shore. I lay him out on the bank and revive him with artificial respiration.
Just when he begins to breathe, I hear another cry for help.
I jump into the cold waters. I fight against the strong current, and swim forcefully to the struggling woman. I grab hold and gradually pull her to shore. I lift her out on the bank beside the man and work to revive her with artificial respiration.
Just when she begins to breathe, I hear another cry for help.
I jump into the cold waters. Fighting again against the strong current, I force my way to the struggling man. I am getting tired, so with great effort I eventually pull him to shore. I lay him out on the bank and try to revive him with artificial respiration.
Near exhaustion, it occurs to me that I'm so busy jumping in, pulling them to shore, applying artificial respiration that I have no time to see
who is upstream pushing them all in...."
A story told by Irving Zola - but is used in an article by John B. McKinlay in "A Case for Refocusing Upstream: The Political Economy of Illness" McKinlay, J.B. (1981)

20. Group work is mandatory
Community Health Mapping – Preliminary Evidence-Based Report
5% group mark for the introduction and conclusion
20% individual mark for each task (see below)
9:30am Feb 25 Submit a group pdf by to the instructor and provide one hard copy in class
Community Health Mapping – Final Briefing Report
20% group mark
9:30am March Submit a group pdf by to the instructor and provide one hard copy in class
Community Health Mapping – Peer Participation
10%
April 7, must be in class

21. Communities of Practice (CoPs)
“groups of people who share a concern, a set of problems, or a passion about a topic, and who deepen their knowledge and expertise by interacting on an ongoing basis.”
Wenger, E., McDermott, R., & Snyder, W.C. (2002). Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School.

22. Key features of CoPs
Integrates experiential, instrumental & academic knowledge.
Respects different forms of competence.
Supports reflective practice including dialogue to explore alternative ways to solve problems.
Buysse, V., Sparkman, K.L. & Wesley, P.W. (2003). Communities of practice: Connecting what we know with what we do. Exceptional Children, 69(3):

23. Benefits of CoPs Reduced isolation, social support, new connections
Pooling knowledge, resources, and responsibility for outcomes
Cross disciplinary & cross professional communication
Increased knowledge translation & knowledge transfer
Increased opportunities to have an impact

24. Creating groups
(4 students/group)
Communities of Practice Worksheet Please your completed form to Lori by Friday – January 14

25. MoU – ToR – Group Contract
Memorandum of Understanding: - describes the agreement between parties Terms of Reference: - describes the purpose and structure of how a collection of people will work together to achieve a shared outcome – defines who, what, how and when. KIN 464 Group contract: - outline tasks and timelines, steps to be taken if conflicts arise, and criteria for peer evaluations (10%).

26. Social Justice & Health Equity “When we all do better, we all do better” – Paul Wellstone

27. Class Reflection How would you define: Health? Health Promotion?
Describe the socio-economic gradient in health status
What is the Ottawa Charter and why is it important?
What are the benefits of a multifaceted, multisectoral approach to health promotion?
What is a community of practice?
ADD your suggestions for quiz questions to the blog.