1. Fermilab: Prospects and Plans Giorgio Apollinari Fermilab New Opportunities in Physics May 10-13, 2009

2. Page 2 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Outline Strategic Context Experimental Program Multi-MW Proton Source as pivot point of FNAL Program Project X: Goals and Configuration Project X: Research, Design, and Development Plan Alternative Ideas Project X website: http://projectx.fnal.gov/http://projectx.fnal.gov/

3. Page 3 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari “The beauty and clearness of the dynamical theory ….is at present obscured by two clouds” »L. Kelvin, April 27 th 1900 Royal Institution Lecture. ESM is incomplete: –Neutrino masses (flavor) –Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe (flavor) –Dark Matter –Dark Energy Flavor phenomena are essential to understanding physics within and beyond the SM “The beauty and clearness of the dynamical theory ….is at present obscured by four clouds” »L. Kelvin, April 27 th 1900 Royal Institution Lecture. ESM is incomplete: –Neutrino masses (flavor) –Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe (flavor) –Dark Matter –Dark Energy Flavor phenomena are essential to understanding physics within and beyond the SM “The beauty and clearness of the dynamical theory ….is at present obscured by two clouds” »L. Kelvin, April 27 th 1900 Royal Institution Lecture. Physics Challenges in early 21 st Century Extended Standard Model

4. Page 4 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Strategic Context Fermilab in the World Program Fermilab currently operates the highest energy collider, and the highest power long baseline neutrino beam in the world: In 2009 the Energy frontier will move to CERN-LHC and strong competition to the US program will come from J-PARC

5. Page 5 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Strategic Context Fermilab and the U.S. Strategic Plan The U.S. community, through its HEPAP/P5 process has adopted a strategic plan for the U.S. Energy Frontier Recommendation –“The panel recommends for the near future a broad accelerator and detector R&D program for lepton colliders that includes continued R&D on ILC … in support of the international effort” –“ The panel also recommends R&D for alternative accelerator technologies, to permit an informed choice when the lepton collider energy is established.” Intensity Frontier Recommendation –“The panel recommends an R&D program in the immediate future to design a multi-megawatt proton source at Fermilab and a beamline to DUSEL… “

6. Page 6 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Strategic Context Evolution of the Accelerator Complex Intensity Frontier Path NuMI  NO A  LBNE/  2e  multi-MW Proton Source  NuFact Minos Far Detector 735 km 2.5 msec iron mine at Soudan MINOS MiniBooNE SciBooNE MicroBooNE MINOS  m 2 32 Super K K2K sin 2 (2  23 ) An early glimpse on  13 ? MINERvA Data Taking in FY11 MINERvA NOvA could provide the first glimpse of the mass ordering for large  13 - the only near term probe of hierarchy in the world. Intensity Frontier Path NuMI  NO A  LBNE/  2e  multi-MW Proton Source  NuFact –A neutrino beam for neutrino oscillation experiments. Intensity Frontier Path NuMI  NO A  LBNE/  2e  multi-MW Proton Source  NuFact –A neutrino beam for long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments.  2 MW proton source at 60 - 120 GeV –High intensity 8 GeV protons for kaon and muon based precision experiments  Simultaneous operations with the neutrino program. ~100 kton Water Cerenkov ~100 kton Liquid Ar TPC NSF’s proposed Underground Lab. DUSEL 1300 km 700 kW to 2 MW (Project X) matter – antimatter asymmetry with neutrinos Proton decay - Supernovae MECO spectrometer design Intensity Frontier Path NuMI  NO A  LBNE/  2e  multi-MW Proton Source  NuFact –A neutrino beam for long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments.  2 MW proton source at 60 - 120 GeV –High intensity 8 GeV protons for kaon and muon based precision experiments  Simultaneous operations with the neutrino program. –A path toward a muon source for a possible future neutrino factory and/or a muon collider at the Energy Frontier.  Requires upgrade potential to 2-4 MW at 8 GeV. Intensity Frontier Path NuMI  NO A  LBNE /  2e  multi-MW Proton Source  NuFact –A neutrino beam for long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments.  2 MW proton source at 60 - 120 GeV Compositeness SUSY Model Parameter New Physics Scale (TeV) MEG Experiment with Project X pre-Project X  2e as probe to 10 3 -10 4 TeV

7. Page 7 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Strategic Context Evolution of the Accelerator Complex Energy Frontier: Tevatron  ILC or Muon Collider as options for FNAL site Energy Frontier: Tevatron  ILC or Muon Collider as options for FNAL site  Future energy frontier facilities aligned with multi-MW proton source LHC Results ILC Enough ILC not enough CLIC Muon collider or   3 4 4 GeV NF 25 GeV NF

8. Page 8 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Initial Configuration A multi-megawatt proton source is considered a central and cohesive element for future accelerator developments needed in the exploration of both Energy and Intensity Frontiers at Fermilab Project X Design Criteria –2 MW of beam power over the range 60 – 120 GeV; –Simultaneous with at least 150 kW of beam power at 8 GeV; –Compatibility with future upgrades to 2-4 MW at 8 GeV

9. Page 9 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Initial Configuration Performance Goals Linac Particle TypeH - Beam Kinetic Energy8.0GeV Particles per pulse1.6  10 14 Linac pulse rate2.5Hz Beam Power500kW Recycler Particle Typeprotons Beam Kinetic Energy8.0GeV Cycle time1.4sec Particles per cycle to MI1.6  10 14 Particles per cycle to 8 GeV program1.6  10 14 Beam Power to 8 GeV program360kW Main Injector Beam Kinetic Energy (maximum)120GeV Cycle time1.4sec Particles per cycle1.6  10 14 Beam Power at 120 GeV2100kW

10. Page 10 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Technology Development Linac Layout

11. Page 11 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Initial Configuration Provisional Siting

12. Page 12 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Initial Configuration Operating Scenarios Operating scenario for 120 GeV (2.2 MW) –194 kW at 8 GeV to mu2e experiment in parallel

13. Page 13 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Initial Configuration Operating Scenarios Operating scenario for 64 GeV (2.1 MW) –136 kW at 8 GeV to mu2e experiment in parallel

14. Page 14 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Technology Development ILC/SRF Joint Development Strategy Close coordination with ILC/GDE during development phase –Strategy based on ILC “plug compatibility” –Joint cryomodule development program –Shared facilities for assemble and testing –ILCTA:rf unit beam test 38 ILC-like cryomodules are required for Project X. In detail they will not be identical to ILC: –Beam current: 20 mA  1.25 msec  2.5 Hz –Focusing element required in each CM –Gradient: 25 MV/m

15. Page 15 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Cryomodule Development 3.9 GHz Experience for FLASH-DESY

16. Page 16 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Cryomodule Development ILC (TTC) Design experience

17. Page 17 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Technology Development Summary of 9-cell Vertical Tests in U.S.

18. Page 18 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Technology Development Front End –30 MeV front end @ 27 mA  1 msec  10 Hz –Goals and cost basis by ~2011  Develop and apply RF modulators for phase and amplitude control of cavities  Accelerate beam up to 10 MeV using room temperature technology  Accelerate beam above 10 MeV using superconducting technology  Demonstrate high-speed (nanosec) beam chopping at 2.5 MeV  Produce, accelerate to ~30 MeV and measure axially symmetric beam The Fermilab HINS program has been developing front end technology beyond the requirements of Project X initial goals:

19. Page 19 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Amplitude Control with Vector Modulator Phase Shift Control with Vector Modulator 20  s 120 0 /28.5  s =4.2 0 /  s Modulates phase and amplitude independently:  = (  2 -  3 )/2 Output power ~ cos 2 (  )  = (  2 +  3 )/2 Phase shift ~  Input (split between ports 2 and 3) Output ← (Cavity)  2  3 circulator Fast Ferrite Vector Modulators –Power multiple cavities from single RF source Technology Development Front End – RF Modulators

20. Page 20 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari RD&D Plan The primary goal of the Research, Design, and Development (RD&D) program is to complete a fully developed baseline scope, cost estimate, and schedule in 2012 (CD-2). –Includes technical component development; –Undertaken by a multi-institutional collaboration capable of executing both the RD&D plan and the follow-on construction project. Secondary goals: –Coordinate Project X and ILC scrf development programs; –Retain alignment of Project X and the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider programs to assure that Project X could serve as a stepping stone to either facility. Collaboration Plan –An MOU covering the RD&D phase is currently circulating for signatures among potential U.S. laboratory collaborators: –ANL, MSU,,BNL, TJNAF, Cornell, SLAC, LBNL, ILC/ART,ORNL/SNS

21. Page 21 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Near-term Activities Develop an Initial Configuration Document –Released V1.0 on 10/31/08; V1.1 on 3/15/09: (available at http://projectx.fnal.gov) Revise/update the RD&D Plan  Released V2.2 on 3/3/09 Create a preliminary cost range estimate (based on ICD V1.1) –“DOE style” estimate includes:  All design, R&D, and construction activities  Purchases, salaries, overheads, contingency, and escalation –Completed and presented to Director’s Review March 16-17, 2009 Establish a multi-institutional collaboration for the RD&D phase Formally establish “mission need” (CD-0) in FY2009 –Based on: P5 mission definition, ICD, preliminary cost estimate –Coordinated with very long baseline and mu2e

22. Page 22 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari RD&D Plan Alternative Designs Consideration of alternative designs is required by the DOE Project Management Order. Current primary alternative is a hybrid linac/synchrotron –Stage Approach  Stage 1: 2 GeV linac and 8 GeV rapid cycling synchrotron –A 60kW, 2 GeV Linac operating at 5 Hz based on SNS technology. –A 240kW, 2 GeV to 8 GeV Booster that is one fourth the size of the Main Injector with a cycle rate of 5 Hz based on 3.6T/s magnet technology. –Accumulation of four Booster batches and acceleration in the Main Injector of 1.5x10 14 protons every 1.4 seconds to provide 2.1MW of beam power at 120 GeV.  Stage 2: 4 Gev Linac and 21 GeV rapid cycling synchroton –A 1.9 MW, 4 GeV Linac operating at 15 Hz. –A 10 MW, 4 GeV to 21 GeV Booster that is one fourth the size of the Main Injector with a cycle rate of 15 Hz based on 31T/s magnet technology (presently 22T/s) –Accumulation of four Booster batches at 21 GeV in the Main Injector. –Acceleration in the Main Injector of 8x10 14 protons every 1.53 seconds to provide 10 MW of beam power at 120 GeV. –1.6 MW of beam power at 4 GeV or 8.3 MW of beam power at 21 GeV to other users. Plan to develop ACD and perform Cost Estimate

23. Page 23 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari RD&D Plan Alternative Designs Booster 2GeV Linac 4GeV Linac

24. Page 24 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Summary Project X is central to Fermilab’s strategy for future development of the accelerator complex: –Energy Frontier: Aligned with ILC technology development; preserves Fermilab as potential site for ILC or a Muon Collider –Intensity Frontier: Supports a world leading program in neutrinos and rare processes; preserves Fermilab as potential Neutrino Factory site An initial configuration, and preliminary cost estimate, has been established meeting requirements as specified in the P5 report –>2 MW at 60-120 GeV, simultaneous with >150 kW at 8 GeV The facility could be constructed over the period ~2014 - 2018 The initial configuration can be upgraded to 2-4 MW at 8 GeV R&D integrates effort on Project X, ILC, SRF, and Muon Facilities Collaboration being formed

25. Page 25 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari

26. Page 26 10-13 May, 2009 – G. Apollinari Strategic Context Evolution of the Proton Source Notes: –Nova/DUSEL requires Booster operations at 9 Hz. The 13.5 Hz upgrade supports simultaneous delivery of ~2E20 protons/year at 8 GeV to the mu2e experiment. –Project X column reflects beam on all 7 linac cycles (per 1.4 sec). Initial operations are anticipated with beam on 2 cycles, leaving the remaining 7 for full power lower energy MI operations, diagnostics, and/or future performance upgrades.