1. Экзотические и стандартные векторные состояния чармония Галина Пахлова ИТЭФ, коллаборация Belle с с -

2. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Conventional Charmonium in Quark Model c c Above open charm threshold five conventional states are measured broad states are expected Below open charm threshold all expected charmonium states are observed most are narrow n (2S+1) L J n radial quantum number S total spin of q-antiquark L relative orbital ang. mom. L = 0, 1, 2... correspond to S, P, D J = S + L P = (–1) L+1 parity C = (–1) L+S charge conj.

3. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Search for exotics: states with...  J PC forbidden for charmonium  Extremely narrow width  Non-zero charge [cucd], strangeness [cdcs] or both [cucs]  Obvious sign of multiquark states ─ ─ ─ Exotic charmoniumlike states Multiquark states Molecular state two loosely bound charm mesons quark/color exchange at short distances pion exchange at large distance Tetraquark tightly bound four-quark state Charmonium hybrids States with excited gluonic degrees of freedom Hadro-charmonium Specific charmonium state “coated” by excited light-hadron matter Threshold effects Virtual states at thresholds Charmonium states with masses shifted by nearby D (*) D (*) thresholds Exotics more easier to identify among cc and bb states ─ ─ c c – g u – c u c – c c – π π March 1976 November 1976 π c c – u u –

4. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова X(3872) Z(3930) Y(3940) X(3940) Y(4350) Y(4660) Y(4260) X(4360) X(4160) Y(3915) Y(4140) Y(4350) Z(4430) + Z+1Z+1 Z+2Z+2 Y(4008)

5. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Charm factories CLEO-c BES-II e + e – → J/ ,  (2S),  (3770) scan 3.8-4.8 GeV L~10 32 /cm 2 /s Belle BaBar Tevatron D0 CDF pp collider E ~ 1.8 TeV L~ 4fb –1 per experiment ─ B-factories e + e – →  (4S) and nearby continuum: E cms ~ 10.6GeV L ~ 2.1x10 34 /cm 2 /s at Belle 950 + 530 fb –1 in total Belle + BaBar Charmonium from B-meson decays, initial state radiation (ISR), double cc production, continuum production and γγ fusion

6. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Charmoniumlike 1 – – family

7. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Use ISR to measure open&hidden charm exclusive final states ISR at B factories Quantum numbers of final states are fixed J PC = 1 – – Continuous ISR spectrum: access to the whole √s interval α em suppression compensated by huge luminosity comparable sensitivity to energy scan (CLEO-c, BES) e–e–e–e– e+e+e+e+ e+e+e+e+ e–e–e–e– c γ s =(E cm – E γ ) 2 – p 2 c e–e–e–e– e+e+e+e+

8. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова e + e – →J/ψπ + π – γ ISR Y(4260)... Y(4008)? Y(4260) 454 fb -1 344±39 ev Y(4008) arXiv:0808.1543 NEW Absence of open charm production is inconsistent with conventional charmonium < 0.7 90% CL 7.5±0.9±0.8 Br(J/ψπ + π – )Γ ee, eV Solution1 Y(4008) Solution2 Solution1 Y(4260) Solution2

9. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Y(4360)→ψ(2S)ππ PRL 98, 212001 (2007) 298 fb -1 Y(4660)? e + e – →ψ(2S) π + π – γ ISR Y(4360), Y(4660)... Absence of open charm production is inconsistent with conventional charmonium Y(4360) 8σ Y(4660) 5.8σ 670 fb -1 PRL 99, 142002 (2007) 2-BW fit with interference Y(4660) 6.1σ Y(4360) PRD 78, 014032 (2008) Combined fit to BaBar&Belle data on e + e – →(2S) π + π – γ ISR Assume all the cross sections are due to Y(4360) and Y(4660) added coherently Br(ψ(2S)π + π – )Γ ee, eV Solution1 Solution2 Y(4360) Y(4660) Best measurements of Y(4360) and Y(4660)

10. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Y states vs inclusive cross section e + e – →hadrons Peak positions for M(J/  ) & M(  (2S)  ) significantly different Y(4260) mass corresponds to dip in inclusive cross section y (3770) if R uds =2.285±0.03Durham Data Base Y( 4008) y (4040) y (4160) Y( 4260) Y( 4325) y (4415) Y (4660) ψ (3770) if R uds =2.285±0.03Durham Data Base Y( 4008) ψ (4040) ψ(4160) Y( 4260) Y( 4360) ψ (4415) Y (4660) R(s) = σ(e + e – →hadrons)/σ(e + e – →μ + μ – ) – R uds

11. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Potential models & Y states No room for Y states among conventional 1 – – charmonium S.Godfrey and N.Isgur PRD32,189 (1985) 3 3 S 1 =  (4040) 2 3 D 1 =  (4160) 4 3 S 1 =  (4415) masses of predicted 3 3 D 1 (4520) 5 3 S 1 (4760) 4 3 D 1 (4810) are higher (lower) 4260 4660 4008 4350

12. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Interpretations of Y states Y(4360) &Y(4660) are conventional charmonia with shifted masses Y(4360) = 3 3 D 1, Y(4660) = 5 3 S 1 G.J Ding, J.J.Zhu, M.L.Yan, Phys.Rev.D77,014033 (2008) A.M.Badalyan, B.L.G.Bakker, I.V.Danilkin, Phys.Atom.Nucl.72,638,(2009 ) 4 3 S 1 ≠ ψ(4415) = 4 3 D 1 (4661); Y(4360)=4 3 S 1 (4389), Y(4660)=5 3 S 1 (4614) or 4 3 D 1 (4661) J.Segovia, A.M.Yasser, D.R.Entem, F.Fernandez Phys.Rev.D78,114033,(2008). Charmonium hybrids Zhu S.L.; Close F.E.; Kou E. and Pene O. The lightest hybrid is expected by LQCD around 4.2 GeV The dominant decays Y(4260)→D (*) D (*) π, via virtual D ** Hadro-charmonium Specific charmonium state “coated” by excited light-hadron matter S.Dubinskiy, M.B.Voloshin, A.Gorsky Multiquark states [cq][cq] tetraquark Maiani L., Riquer V., Piccinini F., Polosa A.D. DD 1 or D * D 0 molecules Swanson E.; Rosner J.L., Close F.E. Heavy meson hadronic molecules Y(4660) is ψ(2S)f 0 (980) bound state F.K.Gou,C.Hanhart, S.Krewald,U.G.Meissner S-wave charm meson thresholds Lui X.

13. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Inclusive cross section e + e – → hadrons Parameters of the J PC = 1 – – conventional charmonia ψ(3770), ψ(4040), ψ(4160), ψ(4415) M, Γ tot, Γ ee remain quite uncertain and model dependent To fix the resonance parameters we need to know their decay channels to take into account their interference: non-resonant contribution many open charm thresholds

14. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова All possible two-body decays of ψ(3770), ψ(4040), ψ(4160), ψ(4415) are included M, MeVΓ tot, MeVΓ ee, keVδ, deg ψ(3770)3772.92 ± 0.3527.3 ± 1.00.265 ± 0.018PDG09 3772.0 ± 1.930.4 ± 8.5 0.22 ± 0.05 0BES08 ψ(4040)4039 ± 180 ± 100.86 ± 0.07PDG09 4039.6 ± 4.384.5 ± 12.3 0.83 ± 0.20 130 ± 46BES08 ψ(4160)4153 ± 3103 ± 80.83 ± 0.07PDG09 4191.7 ± 6.571.8 ± 12.30.48 ± 0.22293 ± 57BES08 ψ(4415)4421 ± 462 ± 200.58 ± 0.07PDG09 4415.1 ± 7.971.5 ± 19.00.35 ± 0.12234 ± 88BES08 Significant effect of interference : model dependent! To reduce model dependence we need to measure exclusive cross sections to open charm final states Resonance shapes Interference term R res =R BW +R int Phys.Lett.B660,315(2008) BES fit to the inclusive R spectrum

15. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Potential models & ψ states Mass spectrum In general agreement with data Open charm decays via nonperturbative gluodynamics difficult to compute good probes of strong QCD Only inclusive measurements More theoretical and experimental efforts are required ? ? ? Width, GeV E.Swanson, Phys.Reports 429(2006)

16. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Full reconstruction of hadronic part ISR photon detection is not required but used if it is in the detector acceptance Translate measured DD mass spectrum to cross section e + e – → DD via ISR with full reconstruction e–e– e+e+ not reconstructed if undetectable e+e+ D reconstructed D γ –

17. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Phys.Rev. D76, 111105(2007) σ(e + e − → DD) Phys.Rev.D77,011103(2008) Phys.Rev. D80, 072001(2009) Broad structure around 3.9 GeV in qualitative agreement with coupled- channel model? Some structure at 4.0-4.2 GeV Statistics are small …ψ(4040)? ψ(4160)? Hint of ψ(4415) σ(ee  D 0 D 0 )/σ (ee  D + D − ) at M DD ≈M  (3770) Belle: 1.39  0.31  0.12 BaBar: 1.78 ± 0.33 ± 0.24 CLEO07 1.258 ± 0.016 ± 0.014 BES06 1.27 ± 0.12 ± 0.08 PDG08 1.260 ± 0.021

18. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Anomalous line-shape of σ(e + e – → hadrons) around 3.77 GeV  (3770) is assumed to be a mixture of 3 D 1 – 2 3 S 1 cc eigenstates Re-analysis of BES 2003 data between 3.65 and 3.872 GeV observed cross section - fit with one  (3770) error of the observed cross section arXiv:0807.0494 Two states or DD production dynamics? ─ inconsistent with one  (3770) blue line Fit by two P-wave BW with complete interference 7.6 σ green line without interference 7σ yellow line interference with G(3900) structure seen in σ(e + e – → DD) by BaBar&Belle red line ─ BES: B(  (3770) → non-DD )=(14.5±1.7±5.8)% Sum of measured non-DD < 2% Theory non-DD < 5%

19. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова New study of ψ(3770) → DD in e + e − → DD Fit to BES, Belle, BaBar e + e − → DD cross section data from 3.74 to 4.4 GeV Include contributions of ψ(3770), ψ(4040), ψ(4160), G(3900) and continuum taking into account their interference; Breit-Wigners for ψ states and Gaussian for G(3900) the continuum is explained as tail of ψ(2S) with M= 3686.09 MeV Parameters of ψ(4040), ψ(4160), ψ(2S) are fixed from PDG, parameters of ψ(3770) and G(3900) are set free M ψ(3770) 3776 ± 1 MeV PDG08 fit 3772.92 ± 0.35 MeV Γ ψ(3770) 28.5 ± 2.2 MeV PDG08 fit 27.3 ± 1.0 MeV M G(3900) 3900 ± 20 MeV Γ G(3900) 52 ± 23 MeV H.B.Li, X.S.Qin, M.Z.Yang; arXiv 0910.4278[hep-ph] May solve non-DD problem, more date is needed, detailed scan at BESIII to be done Factor of 4 less than Swanson’s predictions

20. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова D + D *– & D *+ D *– D *– partial reconstruction increase eff ~ 10-20 times Detection of ISR photon Translate measured mass recoil against γ ISR ≡ D (*)+ D *– mass spectrum to cross section e + e – →D (*)+ D *– via ISR with partial reconstruction D (*) + γ e–e– D0D0 D*–D*– π–π– e+e+ e–e– reconstructed not reconstructed but constrained

21. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Exclusive e + e – → D (*) D * cross-sections Phys.Rev. D80, 072001(2009) ψ(4160) ψ(4040) ψ(4160) ψ(4040) D * D * complicated shape of cross section clear dip at M(D * D * ) ~ 4.26 GeV (similar to inclusive R) DD * broad peak at threshold (shifted relative to 4040 GeV) Only statistical errors Systematic errors are similar D *+ D *- D + D *- Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 092001 (2007) Y(4260) ψ(4160) ψ(4040) ψ(4415) 550fb –1

22. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Full reconstruction of hadronic part Both charged and neutral final states Fit by sum of ψ states with fixed masses&widths from PDG (due to limited statistics) BaBar: e + e − → D (*) D * No evidence is found for Y(4260)→ DD, DD *,D * D * DD DD * D*D*D*D* 384 fb -1 Phys.Rev. D79, 092001(2009) Br ratios seem to disagree with potential models … … uncertainties are too large

23. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Belle vs BaBar: σ(e + e − → D (*) D * ) Phys.Rev. D79, 092001(2009) Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 092001 (2007) Sum of two body open charm final states Belle & BaBar results are in very good agreement

24. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова D 0 D (*)− π + Full reconstruction of hadronic part ISR photon detection is not required but used if it is in the detector acceptance Translate measured DD (*) π mass spectrum to cross section Three-body final states D (* ) e–e– e+e+ not reconstructed if undetectable e+e+ D π reconstructed γ

25. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова e + e −  D 0 D –  + at  s ~ 4−5 GeV via ISR Clear ψ(4415) →DDπ signal Consistent with ISR production 670 fb -1 Phys.Rev.Lett.100,062001(2008)

26. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Resonant structure in  (4415)  D 0 D –  + Br(  (4415)  D(D  ) non D2(2460) )/Br(  (4415)  DD * 2 (2460))<0.22 M(D 0 π + ) vs M(D – π + ) from ψ(4415) region  Clear D * 2 (2460) signals  No non-D * 2 (2460) contribution DDπ non DD * 2 (2460) DD * 2 (2460) ~10σ 670 fb -1 Phys.Rev.Lett.100,062001(2008) σ(e + e – → ψ(4415))×Br(ψ(4415) → DD * 2 (2460))×Br(D * 2 (2460) → Dπ) = (0.74 ± 0.17 ± 0.07)nb M = 4411 ± 7 MeV Γ tot = 77 ± 20 MeV N ev = 109 ± 25 Consistent with BES, Phys.Lett.B660,315(2008) PDG06, Barnes at.al Phys. Rev. D72, 054026 (2005)

27. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Reconstruct Λ c + Use antiproton tag from inclusive Λ c – →p – X Br(Λ c + →pX) = (50±16)% combinatorial background suppressed by ≈ 10 Detect the high energy ISR photon Translate measured mass recoil against γ ISR ≡ Λ c + Λ c – mass spectrum to cross section Partial reconstruction with anti-proton tag The first charm baryons final state p – X reconstructed e–e– e+e+ not reconstructed Λc–Λc– e+e+ γ X Λc+Λc+

28. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова e + e – → Λ c + Λ c – γ ISR Λ c sidebands M recoil (Λ c + γ ISR ) ΛcΛc Λ c (2625) Λ c (2595) Λ c (2765) Λ c (2880) no Σ – partial reconstruction with p tag ─ Clear peak in M rec (Λ c + γ ISR ) distribution at Λ c mass At mass > 2.5 GeV/c 2 contributions from Λ c + Λ c – π 0 could proceed via Λ c + Σ – ; violates isospin and should be strongly suppressed and Λ c + Λ c – π π could proceed via Λ c + Λ c (2595) –, Λ c + Λ c (2625) –, Λ c + Λ c (2765) –, Λ c + Λ c (2880) – Total refection contributions < 5% (included in systematics) Look at M recoil (γ ISR ) ≡ Mass spectra of Λ c + Λ c – 670 fb -1 X(4630) 8.2σ Phys.Rev.Lett.101,172001(2008) e + e – → Λ c + Λ c – γ ISR

29. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова no peak-like structure = X(4630) = Y(4660) = charmonium state 5 3 S 1 or 4 3 D 1 J.Segovia, A.M.Yasser, D.R.Entem, F.Fernandez Charmonium state 6 3 S 1 B.Q.Li and K.T.Chao Threshold effect E.Beveren, G.Rupp Y(4660) =ψ(2S)f 0 (980) bound state F.K.Gou,C.Hanhart, S.Krewald,U.G.Meissner Point-like baryons R.B.Baldini, S.Pacetti, A.Zallo X(4630) = Y(4660) D.V.Bugg = X(4630) = Y(4660) = tetraquark D.Ebert, R.N.Fausov, V.O. Galkin X(4630) ≡ Y(4660)? J PC =1 – – e + e – → Λ c + Λ c – γ ISR Phys.Rev.Lett.101,172001(2008) Interpretations for X(4630) dibaryon threshold effect ? like in B → pΛπ, J/ψ → γpp

30. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Searching for hybrids via their favorite decay modes

31. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова e + e −  D 0 D *–  + at  s ~ 4−5 GeV via ISR Combinatorial bgs are estimated from sidebands D and D * Other bgs are small and taken into account Small efficiency at threshould Full reconstruction No extra tracks Detection of γ ISR is not required if γ ISR is detected M( D 0 D *–  + γ ISR ) is required ~ E cm Consistent with ISR production γ ISR is not detected γ ISR is detected 670 fb -1 arXiv:0908.0231

32. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова in e + e – → D 0 D *– π + γ isr D 1 (2420) 0 → D *– π + ← D 2 (2460) D 0 D *– π + from D 0 D 1 (2420) 0 & D 0 D 2 (2460) 0 e + e – → ψ(4415) → D 0 D 2 (2460) 0 → D 0 D – π + is measured Main problem is to separate D 0 D 1 (2420) 0 from D 0 D 2 (2460) 0 D 1 (2420) 0 : Γ tot = 20.4 ± 1.7 MeV D 2 (2460) 0 : Γ tot = 43 ± 4 MeV (PDG08) Both DD 1 & D * D 2 are seen... but the statistics is not enough to study their mass spectra! DD * π & DD 1 &D * D 2 2420 2460 D 0 π + D*–π+D*–π+

33. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова ψ(4415) Upper Limit No evident structures: only UL’s ! Baseline fit: RBW for  (4415) & threshold function for non-resonant contribution without interference between amplitudes To obtain limits on X  D 0 D *–  +, X=Y(4260), Y(4360), Y(4660), X(4630) perform four fits each with one of the X states,  (4415) and non-resonant contribution Fix masses and total widths from PDG Exclusive e + e −  D 0 D *–  + cross-section σ(e + e – →ψ(4415))×Br(ψ(4415)→D 0 D *– π + )< 0.76 nb at 90% CL Br(ψ(4415)→ D 0 D *– π + ) < 10.6 % at 90% CL Interference could increase these UL’s by factors of 2−4 depending on the final state (for destructive solutions) UL at 90% CL Y(4260) ψ(4415) arXiv:0908.0231

34. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Contribution to the inclusive cross section D*D*D*D* DDπ DD * DD Λc+Λc–Λc+Λc– DD * π

35. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Y states vs exclusive cross sections Y(4008) mass coincides with DD * peak Y(4260) mass corresponds to dip in D * D * cross section Around Y(4360) mass all measured cross sections are smooth Y(4660) mass is close to Λ c + Λ c – peak Signigicant “peak-like” enhancement near 3.9 GeV in ee→DD σ(e + e – → open charm) via ISR D*D*D*D* DD * ψ(4040) ψ(4160) Y(4008) ψ(4415) Y(4660) Y(4260) Y(4360) DD DDπ Λc+Λc–Λc+Λc– ? PRD77,011103(2008) PRL100,062001(2008) PRL98, 092001 (2007) PRL101,172001(2008) DD * π arXiv:0908.0231 E.Eichten, et al Phys.Rev D21, 203,(1980) coupled channel effect? or something else? 30 years ago!

36. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова DDDD * D*D*D*D* DDπ DD * π Λ + c Λ – c Sum of all exclusive contributions Only small room for unaccounted contributions Charm strange final states Limited inclusive data above 4.5 GeV Charm baryons final states

37. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова How to fit measured cross section? Four (five?) ψ states, five (three?) Y states and at least 11 open charm thresholds! S.Godfrey, arXiv:0910.3409 [hep-ph]

38. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Cornell Coupled Channel model: R in the threshold region E.Eichten QWG08 Complicated thresholds behaviour Need improved model to describe standard and to search for new states arXiv:0801.3418

39. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова In conclusion c c

40. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Six exclusive open charm final states are measured DD, D * D, D * D *, DDπ, DD * π, Λ c Λ c Their sum is close to e + e – → hadrons Belle & BaBar & Cleo cross section measurements are nicely consistent with each other In charm meson final states no evident peaks corresponding to members of charmoniumlike 1 – – family are found ! Λ c Λ c enhancement at threshold, quantum numbers, mass and width are consistent with Y(4660) Various interpretations... it’s time to describe these data by realistic common fit and to extract realistic parameters of ψ states... Experiment

41. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Theoretical efforts to describe charm components of inclusive cross section are kindly requested! All presented cross sections can be found in Durham Data Base

42. Семинар ИТЭФ, 11.11.09 Галина Пахлова Спасибо