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All matter above and beneath Earth’s surface moves in cycles.
Earth’s Many Cycles 10 November 2015 Chapter 18 Presented by Dr. Geller Great Idea: All matter above and beneath Earth’s surface moves in cycles. 1
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Chapter Outline Cycles Small and Large The Hydrologic Cycle
The Atmospheric Cycle The Rock Cycle
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Cycles Small and Large
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Recycling Where did the aluminum can go? Atoms last virtually forever
Different forms Lava flow bonded to oxygen Solid rock Soil Aluminum metal Recycling saves energy
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The Nature of Earth’s Cycle
Earth materials move in cycles A change in one cycle affects the others Atoms constantly moving and recycling Reservoirs Hydrologic cycle Atmospheric cycle Rock cycle Heat Hotcold Sources Sun Geothermal processes
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iClicker Question What are the Earth’s two primary sources of heat energy? A solar energy and friction B the Sun and geothermal processes C atmospheric friction and forest fires
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iClicker Question Many of Earth’s cycles are driven by:
A Earth’s rotation B tilt of the Earth’s axis C the tendency of heat to spread out
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The Hydrologic Cycle
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Reservoirs of Water Amount of water on earth is fixed
Major repositories Ice caps Glaciers Unseen reservoirs Groundwater aquifers
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Movements of Water Between Reservoirs
Hydrologic cycle Short-term transfer of water between ocean and land
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The path of groundwater
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Ocean Currents Redistribute heat across planet
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Chemical Cycles in the Oceans
Chemicals in constant motion Saltiness Constant over several hundred million years Primarily determined by Na+ and Cl- ions Residence time Chemical cycle
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Ice Ages Ice Age Current ice age Earth’s total water is fixed
Water locked in glaciers Glaciers advance from poles Current ice age Interglacial period Earth’s total water is fixed Ice caps, glaciers grow Sea level drops
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Milankovitch Cycles Milankovitch Precession
Serbian civil engineer Relationship between earth and sun are affected by variations in earth’s rotation and orbit Precession Change in angle of axis of rotation
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iClicker Question The combination of processes by which water moves from repository to repository above, below, and on the Earth’s surface is called the: A aqueous cycle B drought/drench ratio C hydrologic cycle D repository balance
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iClicker Question What percent of the Earth’s water is readily available for human use? A less than 1 B 5 C 67 D more than 98
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iClicker Question What percent of the Earth’s fresh water is stored as groundwater? A less than 1 B 5 C 67 D more than 98
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iClicker Question The saltiness of the ocean is A Increasing
B Decreasing C Remains the same
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iClicker Question What process removes atoms from the ocean?
A photosynthesis B digestion by fishes and animals C chemical reactions
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iClicker Question During an ice age, sea levels: A drop B rise
C remain constant
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The Atmospheric Cycle
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Atmosphere Composition Atmospheric Pressure Warming
Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon, Water Vapor, CO2, Methane, other Atmospheric Pressure pressure exerted by atmosphere Warming Sun - solar constant is not really constant greenhouse effect warming due to the transparency of a substance to radiation at visible wavelengths and opacity to infrared radiation
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The Greenhouse Effect Solar energy is the energy source for the atmosphere In the greenhouse effect, some of this energy is trapped by infrared absorbing gases in the atmosphere, raising the Earth’s surface temperature above what it would be if there was no greenhouse effect
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Industrial chemicals released into the atmosphere have damaged the ozone layer in the stratosphere
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The Earth’s atmosphere has changed substantially over time
The Earth’s atmosphere differs from those of the other terrestrial planets in its chemical composition, circulation pattern, and temperature profile The Earth’s atmosphere changed from being mostly water vapor to being rich in carbon dioxide A strong greenhouse effect kept the Earth warm enough for water to remain liquid and to permit the evolution of life
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Structure of the Atmosphere
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Air Masses: Reservoirs of the Atmosphere
Uniform temperature and moisture Weather State of the atmosphere Climate Long-term average of weather
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Weather Five variables define state of atmosphere Temperature
Ground level Air pressure Decreases with altitude Jet stream Humidity Atmospheric water content Cloudiness Concentration of water droplets Prevailing winds Consequence of atmospheric convection
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The General Circulation of the Atmosphere
Circulation powered by Sun Air heated and rises Cools and sinks Prevailing winds Caused by earth’s rotation
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Common Storms and Weather Patterns
Severe weather Tropical storms Hurricanes typhoons Tornadoes Weather cycle El Nino
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Climate Little change over short periods Influences on climate
Large bodies of water Ocean currents Mountain ranges Earth’s climate Movement of tectonic plates
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Understanding Climate
Long-term climate Oceans Mountains Sunlight Amount radiated back to space Prediction Global circulation models
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iClicker Question The weather patterns in much of the Northern Hemisphere move, in general, from: A north to south B south to north C east to west D west to east
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iClicker Question Earth’s atmospheric cycle is not strongly influenced by other global cycles. A True B False
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iClicker Question In what part of the atmosphere does weather occur?
A hydrosphere B stratosphere C ionosphere D troposphere E all of the above
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iClicker Question The greenhouse effect occurs largely because
A a gas is transparent to visible light and opaque to infrared radiation. B a gas is transparent to infrared radiation and opaque to ultraviolet radiation. C ozone is transparent to ultraviolet radiation and opaque to infrared radiation. D methane is transparent to infrared radiation and opaque to visible light. E the sun emits more infrared radiation than ultraviolet radiation.
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The Rock Cycle
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Rock Cycle Overview
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Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Types Solidify from hot liquid Extrusive
Solidify at surface Intrusive Solidify below surface
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Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rock Formation Examples
From grains of weathered rock Formation Compaction Cementation Examples Sandstone Shale Limestone
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Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rock Examples Pressure and heat Slate
Not enough heat to melt Examples Slate Schists Gneisses Quartzite
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The Story of Marble Marble Process of formation Metamorphic rock
Begin as limestone Subjected to heat and pressure Erosion exposes rocks
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Surface Building Processes
Faulting formation of a crack caused by relative movement of rock on either side of a fracture different types - normal, reverse, thrust
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Mountains “elevated parts of the Earth’s crust that rise abruptly above the surrounding surface” Causes folding, faulting, volcanic activity
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Folds bends in layered bedrock Anticline /\ Syncline \/
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Volcanoes “hill or mountain formed by the extrusion of lava or rock fragments from magma below” Different types shield, cinder cone, composite (composite shown)
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Earthquakes Defined as “quaking, shaking, vibrating, or upheaval of the ground” Earthquake causes elastic rebound theory Intensity measure Richter Magnitude not linear scale
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iClicker Question When the Earth formed there were no rocks. A True
B False
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iClicker Question The first type of rock to appear on Earth was:
A igneous B sedimentary C metamorphic
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iClicker Question Which type of rock is made of grains of material worn off previous rocks? A igneous B sedimentary C metamorphic
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iClicker Question Rocks that are buried deep within the Earth and then subjected to intense pressure and heat turn into: A igneous rocks B sedimentary rocks C metamorphic rocks
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iClicker Question The Earth’s cycles operate on very different time scales and therefore have little influence on each other. A True B False
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iClicker Question Rocks formed from layers of fine material that have been compressed under water are called A igneous rocks B sedimentary rocks C metamorphic rocks D fault rocks E scarp rocks
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iClicker Poll Question
Which of Earth’s cycles is most interesting to you? A atmospheric B hydrologic C rock
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