1. Water and Soils

2. WATER Unique CHEMICAL and PHYSICAL properties HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT It takes a lot of energy to raise the temperature of H 2 0 540 calories / gram of H 2 0 Stabilizes plant temperatures BASIS for many PLANT PROCESSES PHOTOSYNTHESIS

3. WATER UNIVERSAL SOLVENT Mostly in LIQUID form High BOILING POINT and low FREEZING POINT DISSOLVES and carries NUTRIENTS (ions) due to POLARITY NUTRIENTS from SOILS easily available to plant FORMATION and MAINTENANCE of PLANT STRUCTURE TURGIDITY CELL ENLARGEMENT GUARD CELL activity

4. SUMMER INJURIES WATER STRESS WILT DEATH of TISSUES DEATH of PLANT PREVENTION Adequate WATER in soil Decrease TRANSPIRATION ANTI-TRANSPIRANTS Increases HUMIDITY

5. SUMMER INJURIES WATER and HEAT STRESS SUMMER SUNSCALD

6. SUMMER INJURIES WATER and HEAT STRESS SUMMER SUNSCALD PREVENTION Adequate WATER in soil MISTING plants

7. SUMMER INJURIES WATER and SALT INJURY SOLUBLE SALT INJURY PREVENTION Adequate WATER in soil Use the right AMOUNT of FERTILIZER Use SAND for de-icing

8. SOILS Provide plants with physical SUPPORT, WATER (H2O), NUTRIENTS and OXYGEN (O2)

9. SOILS SOIL PROFILE

10. SOILS SOIL MATRIX

11. SOILS SOIL TEXTURE

12. SOILS SOIL ORGANISMS

13. SOILS SOIL STRUCTURE

14. SOILS SOIL NUTRIENTS – 17 essential, 14 from soils