1. Chapter 13 France under Louis XIV

2. Louis and Richelieu  When Henry IV was assassinated, power fell to Louis XIII (9 years old)  Queen mother Marie de Medicis ruled in his place.  Signs 10 year defense treaty with Spain (Treaty of Fontainebleau 1611) –Arranged for marriage between Louis XIII and Spain’s princess as well as the Queen’s daughter (Elizabeth) and the heir to the Spanish throne.

3. Richelieu  Chief minister of Louis XIII  Richelieu was determined to destroy the power of the nobles and the Huguenots (Revoked Edict of Nantes)  Wanted to make France the supreme European power  Contain Spanish power and influence –even if he had to support Protestants to do so. As we have discussed in earlier chapters

4. Louis XIV inherits the throne 1643 (5 years old)  Mother Anne of Austria ruled but power in the hands of Mazarin  Soon after Louis took power, disorder arose  Fronde- nobles, merchants, peasants, and the urban poor rebelled against the push to make France an absolute monarchy

5. King by Divine Right  Jacques-Benigne Bossuet –Louis’ tutor –Defended what he called the “divine Right of Kings” That kings had only god to answer to (King’s power came from god directly) **These assumptions led Louis to state “L’etat, c’est moi” or “I am the state”

6. Louis believed in divine right  He took the sun as a symbol of his power  Parade mostly every morning when Louis XIV woke up!

7. Louis…  Spent hours each day attending to government affairs  Appointed intendants (royal officials who collect taxes, recruited soldiers, and carried out his policies)  French army became the strongest in Europe  Master of propaganda  Made sure nobles would benefit from his own growth in power

8. Versailles  Symbol of Louis’ power  Elaborate ceremonies that emphasized his own importance  Each day began with “La Levee” or the King’s rising

11. Young Louis XIV

12. L’ouis XIV

14. L’ etat c’est moi! By Hyacinthe Rigaud By Hyacinthe Rigaud

15. Louis XIV’s Carriage

16. The Bourbon Family Crest

17. L’ ouis XIV as Apollo

18. by Jean Nocret, 1670

19. The Sun Symbol

20. Louis XIV Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1665

21. Jean-Baptiste Colbert

22. Versailles Statistics e 2,000 acres of grounds e 12 miles of roads e 27 miles of trellises e 200,000 trees e 210,000 flowers planted every year e 80 miles of rows of trees e 55 acres surface area of the Grand Canal e 12 miles of enclosing walls e 50 fountains and 620 fountain nozzles e 21 miles of water conduits e 3,600 cubic meters per hour: water consumed e 26 acres of roof e 51,210 square meters of floors e 2,153 windows e 700 rooms e 67 staircases e 6,000 paintings e 1,500 drawings and 15,000 engravings e 2,100 sculptures e 5,000 items of furniture and objects d'art e 150 varieties of apple and peach trees in the Vegetable Garden

23. Louis XIII’s Old Chateau

24. Versailles Today

25. Palais de Versailles

27. Versailles Palace, Park Side

28. Garden View of Versailles

29. Chateau de Versailles

31. André Le Nôtre, Royal Gardener

32. Versailles’ Northern Gardens

33. Gardens at Versailles

34. Chateau de Versailles Gardens

35. The Orangery

36. Grounds at Versailles

37. The Lightening of the Belvedere by Claude Chatelet, 1781

38. Fountains, Fountains, and More Fountains!

39. And More Fountains!

41. And Even More Fountains!!!

42. Temple of Love

43. Hall of Mirrors

44. The Queen’s Bed The King’s Bed

45. Louis XIV’s Chapel

46. Louis XIV’s Chapel Altarpiece

47. Organ in Louis XIV’s Chapel

48. Louis XIV’s Opera Stage

49. Cabinet with Views of Versailles, 19c

50. Louis XIV Furniture

51. The Gallery of Battles

52. Louis XV [r. 1715 – 1774]

53. The “Hunts” of Louis XV

54. Jean Baptiste Colbert  Chief finance minister of Louis  Followed mercantilists policies  New lands cleared for farming  Encouraged mining  High tariffs on imported goods  Made France the wealthiest country in Europe  Could not support the huge costs of Louis’ court or pay for his many wars

55. The Wars of Louis XIV  Wanted to expand France’s borders and dominate Europe  Wars were failure b/c enemies banded together to defeat French ambitions  Balance of Power- distribution of military and economic power that could prevent any one nation in Europe from dominating Europe

56. Louis’ Wars  The war of Devolution (1667-1668) –Fought of Louis’ claim to Spanish Belgium provinces through his wife Marie Therese –According to the Treaty of Pyrenees (1659), Marie had renounced her claim to Spanish succession that a 500,000 crown dowry be paid to Louis within 18 months of marriage. This was never met. –Philip IV died, he left all lands to his sickly 4 year old son, and specifically denied lands to Marie. –Land was denied, Louis sent Armies to Flanders. –England, Sweden, and Holland form Triple Alliance.

57. Charles II dies (left inheritance to Philip) Louis XIV grandson – Philip the Duke of Anjou Becomes Philip V – Spain Problem? France and Spain Unite? Austrian Emperor Leopold had claims to Spanish throne just as Louis XIV. Both through marriage Louis married older sister (Marie Theresa) Leopold married younger sister (Margaret Theresa) Older sister takes precedence, however through the treaty of Pyrenees, Marie’s succession was given up.

58. Grand Alliance – England, Dutch, Austria, Prussia, HRE v. France 1713 – Treaty of Utrecht Phillip V (1700-46) remains King of Spain France and Spain never to unite Austrian Hapsburgs acquire – Spanish Netherlands (Belgium), Milan, Naples, Sardinia England receives Gibraltar (made them Med. Power) Louis had to recognize the right of the House of Hanover to ascend to the English throne.

59. End of French expansionist policy Completed the decline of Spain Vastly expanded Great Britain BALANCE OF POWER

60. Persecution of Huguenots  Saw the Protestant minority as a threat to religious and political unity  1685 revoked the Edict of Nantes  100,000 Huguenots fled France  Huguenots were Louis’ best workers  There departure was a huge loss for the French economy

61. Successes and Failures  Louis ruled France for 72 years  Legacy mixed with successes and failures  French culture, manners, and customs replaced those of Renaissance Italy  Foreign and domestic affairs Louis’ policies were costly failures