1. Body Systems

2. Levels of Organization
ATOMS (basic building block of matter)
CELLS (building blocks of life)
TISSUES (a group of
similar cells that work
together to perform a
common function)

3. Levels of Organization
ORGANS (a group of two or more types of tissues working together to perform a specific function)
ORGAN SYSTEMS (a group of organs that work together to carry out major activities or processes)

4. ORGANISMS (a complete being)
Level of Organization
ORGANISMS (a complete being)

5. Body Systems Circulatory System Nervous System Respiratory System
Digestive System
Endocrine System
Skeletal system
Excretory System
Muscular System Immune System
Reproductive System Integumentary

6. Homeostasis What is homeostasis?
A state of biological balance in an organism.
What are some examples of how human body systems work together to maintain homeostasis?
Allow students time to record the definition of homeostasis in their science notebooks.

7. Feedback Loop Information sent to… CONTROL CENTER
Control center determines and sends output to…
EFFECTOR-delivers response from control center
RECEPTOR—senses the change (sensor)
Stimulus produces a change
Ask:
What are the features you notice about the feedback loop? Student answers should include noticing a stimulus, receptor, control center, output, and effector.
Response goes back to influence stimulus amount and return to homeostasis
IMBALANCE
Homeostasis Variable

8. Negative vs. Positive Feedback Mechanisms
What do you think is the difference between a negative feedback mechanism and a positive feedback mechanism?
Negative: Goal is to return to “normal” by shutting off or reducing the original stimulus
Examples: body temperature regulation, breathing rate and blood pressure
Positive: Goal is to stray farther from “normal” by increasing the original stimulus
Examples: childbirth and blood clotting

9. Circulatory System

10. This process is called circulation.
Circulatory System
The main parts of the Circulatory system are the;
veins
capillaries
arteries
heart
Arteries – carry (oxygenated) blood away from the heart
Veins – carry (deoxygenated) blood back to the heart from parts of the body
This process is called circulation.

11. Nervous System
The nervous system is the control center of the human body.
It is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
It receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to organs.
Your brain uses the information it receives to coordinate all of your actions and reactions.

12. Overview of a vertebrate nervous system

13. Structure of a vertebrate neuron
What are the functions of: dendrites, axons, myelin sheath, synapses?

14. Respiratory System

15. Respiratory System The respiratory system's
function is to allow oxygen
exchange through all parts
of the body
When we inhale, the body takes in the oxygen that it needs .
Exhaling removes the carbon dioxide that it doesn't need.
Includes: mouth, nose, lungs and diaphargm.

16. Digestive System
Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller components that are more easily absorbed into a blood stream, for instance.
The hydrochloric acid in the stomach has a low pH, which allows enzymes to work more efficiently. After some time, the resulting thick liquid is called chyme.
Chyme will go through the small intestine, where 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs, through the large intestine, and are eliminated during defecation.
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17. Endocrine System
This system regulates, coordinates, and controls hormones, body functions, and secretions in the blood.
Secretions help control moods, growth, development, and metabolism.
made up of :
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
thyroid gland
Thymus
Ovaries
Testis
adrenal glands

18. Types of Hormones Protein hormones Steroid hormones Polar
Can they go through the cell membrane?
Steroid hormones
Made from cholesterol

19. How can hormones maintain homeostasis?
Negative
Feedback

20. Skeletal System

21. Types of Skeletal Systems
Exoskeleton – hard, waxy coverings on outside of some invertebrates’ bodies.
Endoskeleton
1. Supports the body
2. Protects internal organs
3. Provides for movement
4. Stores minerals
5. Where blood is made
How Many Bones?
Total = 206 bones

22. Excretory System

23. Excretory System (Urinary)
the removal of waste substances from the body
Kidneys
Sweat glands
Blood passes through the kidneys 300 times a day
Lungs
Rectum (digestive)

24. Excretory Primary organ for the excretory system are the Kidneys
The kidneys balance the volume of fluids and minerals in the body. This balance in the body is called homeostasis
Blood passes through the kidneys 300 times a day

25. Muscular System

26. Muscular System composed of skeletal smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue
Muscular Movement:
Voluntary movement is moving by choice: running, dancing , typing
Involuntary movement is moving
without thinking: heart beating,
breathing, reflex

27. Reproductive System
This system ensures that humans are able to reproduce and survive as a species. It is made up of organs such as the uterus, penis, ovaries, and testes.

28. Immune System
What is the function of the immune system?

29. First Line of Defense
Blocking germs from getting in in the first place
Skin
Mucous membranes
Low pH in stomach

30. Second Line of Defense Attacks invaders when they get in
Not specific – kills all cells that aren’t supposed to be there
Phagocytotic WBC
Fever
Inflammation

31. Third Line of Defense Specific – attacks a specific invader (antigen)
Examples – cold, flu, measels
Antigens – cause a specific immune response
Made up of white blood cells (lymphocytes)
B cells – Humoral Response
T cells – Cell-Mediated Response

32. Helper T-Cells A macrophage (phagocytotic WBC) eats an invader
It wears surface proteins of the bacteria
The Helper T-Cell that can fight this infection recognizes the surface protein
The Helper T-Cell organizes B Cells and Cytotoxic T-Cells
** Helper T-Cells are Coordinators **

33. B Cells Make antibodies;
Antibodies prevent invader from infecting new cells
Lock and key fit
(Invader)

34. HIV attacks Helper T-Cells
Very low Helper T Cell
Can’t fight infections

35. Integumentary System
A system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands that protects the body and controls body temperature.

36. Systems working together
Regulation (Homeostasis)
Nervous, Endocrine and Respiratory
Nutrient Absorption
Digestive, Circulatory and Excretory
Reproduction
Reproductive and Endocrine
Defense
Skeletomuscular, Integumentary and Immune