1. Quote of the Day What you observe is more a reflection of what you are thinking than what you are seeing. -Anonymous

2. Observational Techniques Complete Observer Observer as Participant Participant Observer Complete Participant StructureLessMore

3. Observational Techniques Complete Observer Observer as Participant Complete Participant Covert Procedures : Overt Procedures: Participant Observer Structured, typically involving lab instrumentation and hardware Unstructured, typically involving narrative and ethnography Semi-structured, typically involving knowledge of majority Semi-structured, typically involving knowledge of only key people

4. Complete Observation Complete Participation Observer as Participant Participant Observer StructuredUnstructured Covert Overt Observational Techniques

5. Complete Observation and Observer as Participant Example Bales Interaction Process Analyzer Technique for analyzing consensus building in group discussion. Started with Bale’s jury study and evolved into general group dynamics. Utilizes box with paper roller; verbal utterances charted by type response

6. I Setting II Acts III Activities Determination of the place where the acts and activities occur--both physical and social environments. Includes the relationship between time and place. Behavior of relatively short duration carried out by the individual actor. Involves discrete pieces of behavior Behavior of longer duration carried out by the collectively and encompassing a wide range of individual acts. Participant Observation and Complete Participation Example Lofland’s Analyzing Social Settings

7. IV Meanings V Participation VI Relationships Participant Observation and Complete Participation (cont.) Actor’s verbal interpretation of the acts and activities as a unit of analysis. Told by the actor, not interpreted by the researcher. Patterns of individual style in carrying out acts and activities. Focus is on the individual’s interpretation of their involvement by dress, demeanor or verbal style Patterns of interactions between participants creating styles of activities. Emphasis is on the interaction of participation styles.