1. MORPHOLOGY
26th February
II lecture

2. Today’s (wishful) plan
What is a word?
Word-forms
Lexemes
Grammatical words
Inflectional and derivational morphology
What are words made up of?
Morphemes, morphs and allomorphs
Free and bound morphemes
Phonaesthemes and onomatopoeia
How languages treat words and morphemes
Isolating
Agglutinating
Inflecting - synthetic
Polysynthetic languages

3. What is a word? Intuitive notion writing is easy – orthographic words:
Most kids went to school yesterday, but my kid didn’t go, he stayed at home with a stomachache.
What about speech? Hm…

4. …more… Word in one language is not a word in another
Paiute: Wu-to-kuchum-punku-rugani-yugwi-va-ntu-mu
“they who are going to sit and cut up with a knife a black bull”
Turkish: everinde “in their house”
Serbian: vladah “I used to rule”
English: easy-to-use dishes

5. set of criteria by which we can diagnose an item as a word – a phonological word
Content words and function words
Stress pattern
Ordering of elements within a word or a phrase (doctor’s bag, the bag of the doctor)
Morphological conditioning (ox – oxen)
phonotactic rules

6. Word forms and lexemes
Most kids went to school yesterday, but my kid didn’t go, he stayed at home with a stomachache.
Kid = child - lexeme
Kids, kid – representation – word form
Go = meaning to move - lexeme
Go, went – representation – word form

7. Write – write, writes, writing, wrote, written
Smart – smart, smarter, smartest
Cat – cat, cats
Good – good, better, best

8. A word-form can belong to different lexemes – homonyms (serve)
If only the phonemic representation is the same – homophones (hoarse, horse)
Polysemy – closely related meanings of the same word-form (force)
Context, ambiguity, relevance

9. Grammatical words Words from grammatical perspective
Morpho-syntacitc words
Representations (word-forms) of lexemes which fill in a certain syntactic place
I saw the sheriff after I had seen the deputy.
Syncretism: You hit me.

10. Morphology Inflectional Child, children Break, broke, broken
(word-forms, paradigms)
Derivational
Child-childhood
Nation - nationalize

11. Morpheme, morph, allomorph
UNTOUCHABLES
un-touch-able-s
un – negation
touch – meaning
-able – assigns the quality of X
-s – the marker of plurality

12. MORPHEME – the minimal unit of grammatical analysis
Morphemes are realized as MORPHS, either as a phonetic or orthographic form
MORPH is a segment of a word-form which represents a particular morpheme

13. This cow is eating grass. These cows are eating hay.
Can you substitute cow with cows?
What about sheep?
WAS – cannot be segmented, but it is a morpheme = BE + PRETERITE (past tense) + SIGULAR at the same time
PORTMANTEAU MORPH
Think about: radila – raditi+past+feminine+singular
Stolovima?

14. ALLO what?
ALLOMORPHS!
Phonologically, lexically or grammatically conditioned realizations of the same morph
Books, churches, boys
imperfect, irregular, illiterate
Books vs. oxen
Article in German (conditioned by the gender of the noun)

15. Free and Bound
Free morphs can occur in isolation (can also be word-forms)
Bound morphs can only occur in conjunction with at least one other morph

16. Blender
Happiness
Unhappy
Unbelievably
Denationalization
Volim
nismo