1. Labour History Chapter 4 © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd.

2. Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Learning Objectives  At the end of this chapter, you will be able to discuss:  the pre-unionization work environment and the movement toward unionized relationships  the relationship between the Canadian and American labour movements  how exclusive jurisdiction, business unionism and political nonpartisanship have divided the labour movement over time and  how significant events from the 1850s to present day have shaped the history of workplace relations 4-2

3.  Master-Servant Relationship  employees had few rights  Unions, collective bargaining illegal  Little court protection  Power imbalance, coercion 4-3 Preunionization Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd.

4.  New Model Unionism  movement to craft unions, occupation-based  Apprenticeship trainees learn a trade under the supervision of a senior tradesperson  Trade Union organized all workers of a trade regardless of industry or workplace  Negotiated solutions rather than strike action 4-4 Movement to Unionization: Early Years Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd.

5.  Nine-Hour Movement, Trade Union Act (1872)  Hamilton workers, printer’s strike  First unified protest movement  MacDonald “working man’s friend”  No longer conspiracy or a crime to join a union  Penalties for striking  Birth of formal Canadian labour movement 4-5 Early Years Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd.

6.  American Federation of Labor  Samuel Gompers, 1886  Exclusive jurisdiction one union per craft  Business unionism pure and simple, bread and butter  Political non-partisanship Continued… 4-6 Canada and the U.S. Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd.

7.  Trades & Labour Congress of Canada (1886)  Included Knights of Labour skilled and unskilled labour women members opposed to strikes, cooperative businesses  Social unionism issues of interest to broader labour movement  Agitated for legislative change 4-7 Canada and the U.S. Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd.

8.  1900-1920  rapid economic development  14 strikes, violence, military  The Berlin Convention, 1902 splits craft and industrial unions Continued… 4-8 The Years of Struggle Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd.

9.  1900-1920  Industrial Disputes Investigation Act (IDIA), 1907 cornerstone of Canadian law third-party intervention prior to a strike  Winnipeg General Strike, 1919  One Big Union and other socialist movements labour activists go on to win elected offic e 4-9 The Years of Struggle Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd.

10.  1930s and 1940s  The Wagner Act created an independent agency National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) required employers to bargain collectively with certified unions defined unfair labour practices NLRB able to order remedies for employer violations of Act doctrine of exclusivity encouraged collective bargaining Continued… 4-10 Decline and Resurrection Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd.

11.  Committee of Industrial Organization, 1935  CIO splits from AFL on craft/industrial  P.C. 1003 (1944)  patterned on Wagner Act  mechanisms for workplace disputes during life of collective agreement  conciliation procedures prior to a strike  Rand Formula (1945)  dues check-off, all workers  direct submission to union 4-11 Decline and Resurrection Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd.

12.  1950s and 1960s  ALF-CIO merger, 1955  Canadian Labour Congress (CLC), 1956  PSSRA (1967)  triggers provincial Acts  public sector large percentage of unionized workforce  contrast with U.S. where public sector collective bargaining is prohibited 4-12 Reconciliation and Expansion Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd.

13.  1970s and 1980s  Wage and price controls and legislation  Free trade agreements North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)  Canadian Auto Workers union splits from U.S. union  Early 1980s Spike in inflation rate (12%) 4-13 Changing Relationships Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd.

14.  1990s and Beyond  Recession, unemployment, globalization  Government restructuring Privatization Crown corporations Layoffs  Back-to-work legislation strike action ceases employees return to work terms and conditions set by government 4-14 Increased Resistance Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd.

15.  A century of significant change  Initially employees had few rights  Trade union focus shifts to industrial unions  Rupture in labour movement  Legislation permits bargaining 1940s,1950s  Growing government intervention 1980s,1990s  Canadian labour movement own path  Job loss, union power declines globally 4-15 Summary Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd.