1. E-Government Development in Asia and the Pacific
E-Government Development in Asia and the Pacific
UN Project Office on Governance
DPADM, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
CIO Conference for Strengthening Regional Cooperation to Advance E-Government Development in Asia and the Pacific
5-6 November 2014, Shanghai, China
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2. Contents UNDESA Work on E-Government - eGB/DPADM
2. Overview of the 2014 UN E-Government Survey
Key Findings and E-Government Development Index
Asian E-Government Development Trends
5. Innovative Practices in selected Asian countries
6. Introduction about UNPOG and its work
7. The way forward

3. UNDESA’s Mission
As the Secretariat entity responsible for the development pillar of the United Nations, our work addresses a range of cross-cutting issues that affect peoples’ lives and livelihoods. From poverty reduction to governance to finance to the environment, DESA’s work is about human progress for all, especially the most vulnerable. We are fundamentally concerned, not only with global prosperity today, but also for tomorrow.

4. EGB/DPADM’s Vision and Mission
Overview of UNDESA’s Work on E-GOVERNMENT
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EGB/DPADM’s Vision and Mission
Provide support to Member States to build capacity in the area of innovation, e/m-governance and transformation of government to foster sustainable development.
NORMATIVE WORK
ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH
CAPACITY BUILDING
DPADM’s Strategy
Our strategy is based on an integrated approach among our three main pillars of work:
Normative work/ Support for intergovernmental processes
Research and Policy Analysis
Capacity-building and advisory services
As you know, DESAs work flows from the United Nations development agenda: a shared vision of human progress rooted in the values of freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, respect for nature and mutual responsibility.
DESAs mission is to help countries around the world meet their economic, social and environmental challenges. DESAs work takes many forms. DESA:
Analyzes, generates and compiles a wide range of data and information on development issues.
Brings together the international community to address economic and social challenges at conferences and summits.
Supports the formulation of development policies, global standards and norms.
Monitors and supports the implementation of international agreements.
Assists nation states address their development challenges through engaging in a variety of capacity development initiatives.
DPADMs Mission is to assists the Member States of the United Nations in fostering efficient, effective, transparent, accountable, clean and citizen-centered public governance, administration and services through innovation and technology to achieve the internationally agreed development goals including the MDGs
The e-Government Branch’s Mission is to provide support to Member States to build capacity in the area of innovation, e/m-governance and transformation of government to foster sustainable development, in line with the overall mandate of the Division and of UNDESA. eGB undertakes activities at the global, regional and national levels in support of developing and least developed countries through normative work, analysis and research, as well as capacity building activities.

5. eGB/DPADM on E-Government Capacity Building
eGB/DPADM on E-Government Capacity Building
UN E-Government Survey
UN E-Government Knowledge Base - UNPACS
Self-Assessment E-Government Tool-Kit (METER 3.0)
Workshops/ Trainings/Peer-to-peer knowledge transfers
Country Advisory Missions/Tech. cooperation projects
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6. UNDESA’s E-Government Development Database
UNDESA’s E-Government Development Database
The interactive Database(UNeGovDD) was created by the Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM) of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) to provide governments and all members of civil society easy access to this valuable information for research, education and planning purposes.
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7. UNDESA’s E-Government Development Database
UNDESA’s E-Government Development Database
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8. UN E-Government Survey
UN E-Government Survey
The E-Gov Survey presents a systematic assessment of the use of ICT to transform and reform the public sector by enhancing efficiency, effectiveness, transparency, accountability, access to public services and citizen participation in 193 Countries.
UN E-Gov Survey adopted by Member States and Economists as a useful tool to benchmark e-Government Development
UN Survey as a tool to guide policies and strategies on how Member States can overall improve public service delivery and bridge the digital divide.
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9. Why multichannel service delivery is important?
Overview of Thematic Areas of the 2014 Survey
E-Participation
Whole-of-Government
Multi-channel Service Delivery
Expanding Usage
Bridging the Digital Divide and vulnerable Groups
Open Government Data
The Survey questionnaire is organized in specific thematic sets of questions (subthemes) structured in four patterns corresponding to the four stages of e-government development.
For the 2014 Survey questionnaire, the thematic subthemes identified are:
Whole-of-government:
Increase the effectiveness of government’s responses - More effective and coordinated policy responses to complex issues
Enhance efficiency by reducing duplications of processes and procedures in programme management, and service delivery
Better service delivery by integrating services and thereby saving time and resources, and increasing citizens’ trust in government
Increase public value by promoting collaboration and coordination with private sector and civil society in the delivery of services and wealth creation through social innovation
E-Participation
Promoting participation of the citizens is the cornerstone of socially inclusive governance.
E-Participation is electronic participation of citizens and the business community in e-government.
The goal of e-participation initiatives should be to improve the citizen's access to information and public services; and promote participation in public decision-making which impacts the well being of society, in general, and the individual, in particular.
MULTI-CHANNEL:
Multichannel service delivery is the provision of public services by various means in an integrated and coordinated way. Citizens can make selections according to their needs and circumstances and receive consistent information and services across channels resulting in an increase in their satisfaction and trust in government.
United Nations e-Government Survey 2012
Why multichannel service delivery is important?
Multichannel approaches support delivery of services to the poor and increase participation of socially disadvantaged groups in government policy-making.
Expanding usage
Expanding Usage is how governments encourage their citizens to use online public services.
Despite strong growth in the usage of information and services online,
e-government usage remains tepid, with the possible exceptions of
online tax filing and business services.
Reasons of low e-services adoption:
Digital divide
Current e-services do not match citizen demand (Accenture 2012)
Lack of awareness or IT skills (OECD 2011)
Lack of competition and affordability of ICTs (ITU 2011; ITU 2012)
Lack of trust in the government
Efforts at expanding usage:
Creating Open Government Data platforms
Decentralizing e-government services
Enhancing access to the vulnerable groups
Raising awareness by organizing outreach campaigns, trainings, and promoting e-government through social media
Improving website design
Monitoring usage
Using surveys of citizens
The issue of a digital divide is essentially one of a disparity in real access which is inequality in both physical access to ICTs and the ability, know-how and the culture to use the technology well.
United Nations Global e-Government Readiness Report 2004
The term "digital divide" refers to the gap between individuals, households, businesses and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels with regard to both their opportunities to access information and communication technologies (ICTs) and to their use of the Internet for a wide variety of activities.
OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms
The e-government divide in the case of vulnerable populations is thus about how governments of the world fare in facilitating digital access for the illiterate and low-educated, persons with disabilities, the poor, women, children, the elderly, and communities living in rural and remote areas.
OPEN DATA
In general, government data is all data or information that government entities produce or collect …
Open means :
Can be readily and easily consulted and re-used by anyone with access to the internet..
No legal barriers
No fees required
Machine readable
No technological barriers
Etc.
Features of good open data:
- Has value to the public
- Timely updated
- Offered in different formats
Benefits of open data
Promoting transparency and boosting public trust in government
Encouraging citizens to participate with government entities in designing policies and services
Enhancing government effectiveness and efficiency
Creating business opportunities and jobs
Promoting innovation and research
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10.
Key Findings
Governments across the globe are undertaking a process of transformative change. E-Government is becoming a holistic process to transform government towards sustainable development.
The transformative changes entail not only the design and implementation of innovative practices, but more fundamentally a transformation of government’s role, functions, institutional frameworks and processes.
E-Government development can contribute towards the post-2015 development agenda. Building national and local capacity in a holistic and integrated manner is central to addressing the multi-facted, highly complex and interdependent challenges our societies face today.
Governments need to undertake a process of transformative change for the future that requires to:
Become catalysts for change instead of mere service providers;
Become facilitators in promoting networked co-responsibility among all stakeholders by engaging and empowering communities to take part in the solution of their own problems;
Allow for a competitive rather than monopolistic approach to provision of public goods and services;
Become entrepreneurial in generating revenues and promoting partnerships;
Results-oriented and customer-driven;
Pro-active instead of reactive, i.e. anticipating problems and acting preventively;
Make full use of opportunities afforded by ICTs and e-government especially from Open Data, Big Data, Social Media and Mobile
Learn and enhance capacity building through increased knowledge sharing
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11.
Key Findings
To improve e-government, the Survey suggests countries establish a clear national vision, supported by committed leadership, appropriate policies and collaborative governance frameworks, and greater investment in telecommunication infrastructure, human capital and provision of online services.
e-Consultation: 49% of countries provide a facility for feedback regarding the improvement of their online services.
e-Decision Making: 75 Member States place their e-participation policy online.
Almost 43% of United Nations Member States today provide information about their CIO for e-government.
73 Countries offered a “One-Stop-Shop” portal in 2014.
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12.
Key Findings
In 2014, for the first time, all 193 UN Member States had national websites.
At the regional level, Europe continued to lead followed by the Americas, Asia, Oceania and Africa.
Effective regional cooperation will help support change programs and advance e-government development, e.g. European Union, African Union’s Programme for Infrastructure Development, UNPOG’s forthcoming CIO Conference in Shanghai November 2014)
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13.
2014 Findings
Between 2012 and 2014, the number of countries offering mobile apps and mobile portals doubled to nearly 50 countries.
Today 118 countries use some form of social media.  
Digital divide: in 2014, 40% of national portals allow for flexible font size.
An estimated 1.1 billion households worldwide are still not yet connected to the Internet.
Only 46 countries have taken the next step and established dedicated Open Government Portals. At the same time, 130 countries publish Gov. expenditures online.
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14. E-Government Development Index (EGDI) RANKING OF UN MEMBER STATES
Online Service Index OSI
Telecommunication Infrastructure Index TII
Human Capital Index HCI
RANKING OF UN MEMBER STATES
The EGDI rates the e-government performance of countries relative to one another, it is NOT an absolute measurement.

15. E-GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT INDEX (EGDI)
E-GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT INDEX (EGDI)
A composite indicator measuring the willingness and capacity of member states to use ICTs to deliver public services.
EGDI = ( 1/3 OSI + 1/3 TII + 1/3 HCI)
OSI = Online Service Index (DESA)
TII = Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (ITU)
HCI = Human Capital Index (UNESCO-UNDP)
1. The EGDI is not designed to capture e-government development in an absolute sense, but rather it aims to give a performance rating of national governments relative to one another.
2. Adding public value is gradually taking over as the primary goal of e-governance.
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16. Online Service Index (OSI) WoG, full interoperability,
The Online Service Index is based upon a four-stage model, which builds upon the levels of development of a state’s online presence.
Transactional
Two ways interactive applications, financial and non financial transactions …
Enhanced
Greater sources,
e-tools, e-information, e-services
Connected
WoG, full interoperability,
G2G, G2C,C2G …
Emerging
Offering
basic information
on line …
EMERGING PRESENCE:
Is Stage I representing information, which is limited and basic;
E-government online presence comprises a web page and /or an official website; links to basic ministries/departments may/may not exist; links to regional/local government may/may not exist;
Some archived information such as the head of states' message or a document such as the constitution may be available on line;
Most information remains static with the fewest options for citizens.
ENHANCED PRESENCE:
Is Stage II in which the government provides greater public policy and governance sources of current and archived information, such as policies, laws and regulation, reports, newsletters, and downloadable databases;
User can search for a document and there is a help feature and a site map provided;
Larger selection of public policy documents such as an e-government strategy, policy briefs on specific education or health issues;
Though more sophisticated, the interaction is still primarily unidirectional with information flowing essentially from government to the citizen.
TRANSACTIONAL PRESENCE:
Stage III allows two-way interaction between the citizen and his/her government;
It includes options for paying taxes; applying for ID cards, birth certificates/passports, license renewals and other similar C2G interactions by allowing him/her to submit these online 24/7;
Citizens are able to pay for relevant public services, such as motor vehicle violation, taxes, fees for postal services through their credit, bank or debit card;
Providers of goods and services are able to bid online for public contacts via secure links.
CONNECTED PRESENCE:Is Stage IV which represents the most sophisticated level in the online e-government initiatives;
It can be characterized by an integration of G2G, G2C and C2G (and reverse) interactions;
Government encourages participatory deliberative decision-making and is willing and able to involve the society in a two way open dialogue;
Through interactive features such as the web comment form, and innovative online consultation mechanisms, the government actively solicits citizens’ views on public policy, law making, and democratic participatory decision making.

17. E-Participation Index (EPI)
The E-participation questions, as part of the e-government questionnaire, extend the dimension of the Survey by emphasizing citizen’s participation in public decision making.
This questions focus on:
E-information: use of the Internet to facilitate provision of information;
E-consultation: interaction with stakeholders;
E-decision making: engagement in decision making processes.

18. Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII)
An average composite of the following indicators
estimated internet users per 100 inhabitants
number of main fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants
number of mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants
number of fixed broadband facilities per 100 inhabitants
number of wireless broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
The International Telecommunication Union is the primary source of data in each case.

19. Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII)
Estimated Internet users
Main fixed phone lines
Mobile subscribers
Fixed broadband
Fixed Internet subscriptions
2014 TII
Estimated Internet users
Main fixed phone lines
Mobile subscribers
Fixed broadband
Wireless broadband (new)
The Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII) is a composite weighted average index of 5 primary indices based on basic infrastructural indicators, which define a country’s ICT infrastructure capacity.
Data for the UN Member States was taken primarily from the UN International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the UN Statistics Division, supplemented by the World Bank.
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20. Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII)
Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII)
Mobile applications
The International Telecommunication Union is the primary source of data in each case.
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21. Human Capital Index (HCI)
An average composite of four indicators
Adult literacy
Mean years of schooling
Gross enrolment ratio (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)
Estimated years of schooling
UNESCO is the primary source of data in each case.

22. Human Capital Index (HCI)
Adult literacy rate
Gross enrolment (except primary)
Expected years of schooling (new)
Mean years of schooling (new)
Expected years of schooling is the number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the child’s life.
Average number of years of education is the number of years of schooling received by people ages 25 and older, converted from actual education attainment levels using official durations of each level
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is the main source of data for both indicators. All data gaps were filled either using data from the 2010 UNDP Human Development Report or using proxy indicators
from other authoritative sources such as official UNICEF figures from its public report or World Bank figures on its website.
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23. E-Government Development at a Glance
Global and Regional Trends

24. Highlights of 2014 E-government Rankings (EGDI)
Country
Region
2014 EGDI 1
Republic of Korea
Asia
0.9462 2
Australia
Oceania
0.9103 3
Singapore
0.9076 4
France
Europe
0.8938 5
Netherlands
0.8897 6
Japan
0.8874 7
United States of America
Americas
0.8748 8
United Kingdom
0.8695 9
New Zealand
0.8644 10
Finland
0.8449 11
Canada
0.8418 12
Spain
0.8410 13
Norway
0.8357 14
Sweden
0.8225 15
Estonia
0.8180 16
Denmark
0.8162 17
Israel 18
Bahrain
0.8089 19
Iceland
0.7970 20
Austria
0.7912 21
Germany
0.7864 22
Ireland
0.7810 23
Italy
0.7593 24
Luxembourg
0.7591 25
Belgium
0.7564
World Average
0.4712
1) World e-Government Leaders in 2014
The Republic of Korea has retained the top spot in 2014 with its continued leadership and focus in e-government innovation. Australia (2) and Singapore (3) have both increased considerably over their 2012 performance.
Europe is the region leading the ranking with 16 countries in the top 25. USA and Canada lead Americas

25. Highlights of 2014 E-government Rankings (EGDI)
2) Trend lines of Regional e-government development,
There remains a wide disparity among regions in their states of e-government development.
Africa faces the greatest challenge, the less steep slope shows the slowest progression and underlines its lagging position.

26. Sub-regional Position Sub-regional Position
SNAPSHOT – Asia
Top 15 Leaders
Last 15 Member States
2014 Rank
Sub-regional Position
Country
2014 EGDI 1
Republic of Korea
0.9462 3 2
Singapore
0.9076 6
Japan
0.8874 17 4
Israel
0.8162 18 5
Bahrain
0.8089 28
Kazakhstan
0.7283 32 7
United Arab Emirates
0.7136 36 8
Saudi Arabia
0.6900 44 9
Qatar
0.6362 48 10
Oman
0.6273 49 11
Kuwait
0.6268 52 12
Malaysia
0.6115 56 13
Georgia
0.6047 58 14
Cyprus
0.5958 61 15
Armenia
0.5897
World Average
0.4712
2014 Rank
Sub-regional Position
Country
2014 EGDI
175 33
Myanmar
0.1869
173 34
Afghanistan
0.1900
165 35
Nepal
0.2344
161 36
Timor-Leste
0.2528
158 37
Pakistan
0.2580
152 38
Lao People's Democratic Republic
0.2659
150 39
Yemen
0.2720
149 40
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
0.2753
148 41
Bangladesh
0.2757
143 42
Bhutan
0.2829
139 43
Cambodia
0.2999
135 44
Syrian Arab Republic
0.3134
134 45
Iraq
0.3141
129 46
Tajikistan
0.3395
128 47
Turkmenistan
0.3511
World Average
0.4712
Regional Ranking 2014
Republic of Korea is leading the world ranking at number one in the 2014 UN e-Government Survey, followed by Singapore in the 3rd position in the world.
6 out of the top 10 countries in the Asian region itself are in Western Asia where most of improvements have been witnessed; 2 of the top 10 countries are in Eastern Asia, 1 in South- Eastern Asia, and 1 in Central Asia.

27. SNAPSHOT – Asia
2) Trend lines of Sub-Regional e-Gov Development,
The EGDI is particularly low in Southern Asia with a negative slope indicating an opposite growth in e-government with respect of the rest of the world.

28. Global trends in online service delivery
Global trends in online service delivery
e-Government for promoting sustainable development and e-environment added as basic online services;
Increased emphasis on e-participation features (social media) and evidence of open government data initiatives on national websites to improve transparency and participation in public affairs;
mobile devices, wireless technology and cloud computing are increasing global connectivity and overcoming the digital divide in terms of geography and uneven infrastructure;
usability features: expanding usage to maximize returns on investment in e-government --- usage analysis to prioritize digital services;
e-Government for security management and disaster risk reduction;
majority of countries at low or intermediate levels of e-government development --- data protection and online payment systems.
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29. E-Government Development in Asia and the Pacific
E-Government Development in Asia and the Pacific
Varying levels of online presence and development (Afghanistan, Myanmar, Timor-Leste and Pakistan trailing among the bottom 30 countries globally)
Eastern Asian countries: generally performing better than world average for various reasons such as excellence in e-government leadership, inclusive e-participation policies, broad-ranging e-services and extensive open government data portals, e.g. Republic of Korea and Japan
Western Asian/Gulf Cooperation Council countries: notable improvements in 6 countries --- Israel, Bahrain, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Oman. And, GCC countries --- extensive and in-depth cooperation and coordination in terms of e-government and online service delivery, i.e. GCC e-government committee and GCC e-Government Conference
Southern Asian countries: making efforts to develop e-government, heralded by Sri Lanka and Maldives. Governments committed to develop e-government and designing e-government master plan, e.g. Afghanistan, Nepal and Pakistan
South-Eastern Asian: uneven development, with Singapore leading and other countries starting to embrace e-government in its development agenda, e.g. Brunei, Indonesia, Timor-Leste, Philippines, Viet Nam
Central Asia: insufficient development of ICT infrastructure, online presence and e-services, with the exception of Kazakhstan.
The government of Nepal has been working towards a holistic e-government transformation to provide better services to citizens, improve transparency and to work towards the knowledge based society. Eight projects were selected as priority for the e-government transformation; groupware, government portal, national ID, e-Education, infrastructure, enterprise architecture, Public Key Infrastructure, Integrated Data and Training Center and groupware. The country’s 2006 IT Policy provides a broad framework for e-government transformation with the aim to transform Nepal into a knowledge society that can fully harness the benefits of e-governance to promote good governance and advance socio-economic development and reduce poverty by 2015.
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30. Innovative practices in Asian
Innovative practices in Asian
Bhutan: national e-government master plan established, fostering a Whole-of-Government approach to ICT project planning and implementation
Cambodia: in the process of designing e-government master plan and ICT strategy
Japan: open government data and e-government for disaster risk management
Korean: e-participation -- increasing the opportunity of participating in the policy proposal and decision-making process using the web and SNS; expanding usage (Minwon 24 online Civil Service) - improve users' convenience, gradual expansion of the online civil service information, application and issuance with multichannel service deliver
Malaysia: Digital Government Transformation initiative; big data analytics identified as priority area for 11th Malaysian Plan
Sri Lanka: One for All --- e-government to serve all segments of the population and offering services to everyone (mobile penetration rates exceeding 100%)
UAE: adopting Smart Technology
Oman: Open government data for all citizens
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31. Officially launched in September 2006
Establishment
May Seoul Declaration adopted by the 6th Global Forum on Reinventing Government
June Technical Cooperation & Trust Fund Agreement with Ministry of Security & Public Administration (MOSPA), ROK
UNPOG was established in 2006 as the result of the Seoul Declaration of the 6th Global Forum held in Seoul in 2005 and through the technical cooperation and trust fund agreement between Korea and UNDESA. It officially launched in September 2006.
Officially launched in September 2006
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32. GLOBAL HUB FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE (focused on the Asia Pacific Region)
Vision and Mission
VISION & MISSION:
GLOBAL HUB FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE
(focused on the Asia Pacific Region)
Assist Member States in developing and least developed countries to improve their governance capacity through innovation, e-governance and ICT for sustainable development
The vision of UNPOG is to be a global hub for good governance and under the vision it aims to assist Member States of developing and least developed countries to improve their governance capacity through innovation, e-governance and ICT for sustainable development.
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33. Communication & Outreach Research & Policy Development
Three Pillars of Activities
Capacity Development
UNPOG
Research current trends on e-governance
Analyze best practices
Develop policies and
strategies
Int’l conferences
Capacity development
workshops
Study tours
Publish research studies
Conduct awareness-raising
events and activities
Establish partnerships with relevant institutions
Communication & Outreach
Research & Policy Development
UNPOG’s activities are consisted of three pillars. They are research and policy development, capacity development, and communication and outreach. These three activities are supporting and reinforcing each other in a positive and integrated way.
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34. UNPOG’s Thematic Research in 2014
UNPOG’s Thematic Research in 2014
E-Government for Promoting Sustainable Development in SIDS (completed, presented to 2014 GeGF and to be presented to UNGA 2nd Committee as a Side Event “ICT and E-Government in SIDS)
E-Government for Promoting Gender Equality and Women Empowerment (ongoing, in cooperation with UNESCAP, to be presented in Asian and Pacific Conference on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: Beijing+20 Review)
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35. The Way Forward
Network of CIO for knowledge sharing and exchange of ideas and best practices;
More fruitful collaboration among governments --- establishing an online platform?
UNPOG would be available to host a page on its webpage to provide a platform;
What features should be included in this platform and how to institutionalize the network.

36. Thank You www.unpog.org Keping Yao yaok@un.org
Work together with UNPOG
Thank You
Keping Yao
With support from Member States, other international organizations, academia and NGOs, UNPOG can better contribute to e-Government Development in Asia and the Pacific for promoting Sustainable Development.
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