1. Fascism: The Case for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) WWI and the Russian Revolution have shown Russia to be industrially weak Russia’s ability to feed itself is weak socialism dominates politics and government

2. Josef Stalin (1878-1953) the “man of steel” builds followers (apparatchiki) to dominate ruling party all-out industrialization comes at the expense of the toiling masses (5-year plans) slogan “socialism in one country” shows his lack of interest in world revolution

3. Josef Stalin (1878-1953) collectivization forces peasants into a planned economy totalitarianism attempts to remake society communications and education are harnessed to support the government purges increase Stalin’s power & eliminate opponents

4. Fascism: The Case of Italy food shortages and rising prices labor problems (strikes, unemployment) several competing parties paralyze the government class unrest (taxes, Bolshevik fears) national outrage at Versailles Treaty

5. Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) former socialist & WWI vet organized Fascist Party convinced Italians that Fascists can save Italy (Black Shirts) industrialists contribute to stem the tide of socialism Italians dream of empire

6. Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) intellectuals favor his “philosophy of action” thousands of Fascists March on Rome to demand power (October 1922) King Victor Emmanuel III overestimates Mussolini’s strength & appoints him P.M. Mussolini becomes dictator (1926)

7. Fascism: The Case for Germany value of the German mark and economy collapse in the 1920s Weimar Republic defaults on reparations from Versailles Treaty world depression

8. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) World view: anti-Semitism hated Marxism and democracy Social Darwinism racial nationalism importance of propaganda

9. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Rise of Nazi Party Hitler joins and becomes leader (1919) “Beer Hall” putsch fails (1923) Hitler exploits trial for publicity & writes Mein Kampf in jail Pres. Paul von Hindenburg appoints Hitler chancellor (1932) Nazi Party wins control of government (1933) Reichstag fire leads to Reichstag granting Hitler emergency powers through Enabling Act (1933)

10. Fascism: The Case for Japan dictatorship is formed in the 1930s greater supplies of raw materials are needed for their growing industries wanted to open foreign markets for its goods rampant nationalism

11. Emperor Hirohito (1901-1989) worshipped as a god by his citizens turns blind loyalty to him into strong, passionate military and citizenry presided over all cabinet meetings, but only gave his approval according to traditional form of government