1. University of Sargodha, Lahore Campus Prepared by Ali Saeed

2.  What is Computer Organization & Assembly Language  BOOK: Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the IBM PC by Ytha Yu

3.  A typical Microcomputer System consist of ◦ System Unit ◦ Keyboard ◦ Display Screen ◦ Disk Drives  System Unit often referred as ‘The Computer’  Keyboard, Display Screen, and Disk Drivers are called i/o Devices or Peripheral Devices, or simple Peripherals.

4.  Integrated Circuit (IC) chips are used to construct computer circuits  Each IC may contain hundreds or thousand of transistors  These IC are called digital circuits  It work on discrete levels of voltage  Low voltage represent 0 and high voltage represent voltage 1  0 and 1 called binary digits or bits

5.  Computer Circuit consist of three parts ◦ Central Processing Unit (CPU) ◦ Memory Circuits ◦ I/O Circuits  CPU is single processor chip called microprocessor  CPU is the brain of computer, and it controls all operations  CPU use memory circuits to store information  CPU use I/O circuit to communicate with IO

6.  System Unit contain a main board called System board or Mother board  System board contain Microprocessor, memory, expansion slots etc…

7.  Information process by computer store in the memory  Memory circuits are usually organized into groups that can store 8 bit of data called memory Byte  It is identified by a number called Address  Data stored in memory byte called Contents  No. of contents are 8 bit but address depend on processor

8.  8086 processor use 20 bit Address  80286 processor use 24 bit Address  Two bytes form a word  The lower address of two memory bytes are use

9.  1 Byte = 8 Bits 1KB = 1024 Bytes 1MB = 1024KBs 1 GB = 1024 MBs 1TB = 1024Gbs

10.  1000 kbit kilobitkilobit  1000 2 Mbit megabit  1000 3 Gbit gigabitgigabit  1000 4 Tbit terabitterabit  1000 5 Pbit petabitpetabit  1000 6 Ebit exabitexabit  1000 7 Zbit zettabitzettabit  1000 8 Ybit yottabityottabit

11.  Bit position is use to read bytes  It starts from right to left  At most right position it starts from 0  Byte Positions

12.  Processor can perform to two kinds of operations  Read/ Fetch the contents of a location  Store or write data at location

13.  Random Access Memory (RAM) ◦ Program instructions and data normally loaded into RAM ◦ The content of RAM lost, when machine is turned off  Read Only Memory (ROM) ◦ ROM circuit retain their value even when power is off ◦ ROM is used by computer manufacturers to store system programs ◦ These programs are called firmware

14.  Processor communicate with other components using signals that travel on wires called Bus  There are three kinds of buses ◦ Address Bus ◦ Data Bus ◦ Control Bus

16.  Thanks