1. When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals & Prokaryotes
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2. Cellular Respiration Overview
At this point life diverges into two forms and two pathways
Anaerobic cellular respiration (aka glycolysis and/or fermentation)
Aerobic cellular respiration

3. Cellular Respiration Overview
Transformation of chemical energy in food into chemical energy cells can use: ATP
Breakdown of one glucose can result in upto 36 ATP molecules
Overall Reaction:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

4. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria
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5. Glycolysis Diagram (page 128)
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Glycolysis Summary
-Takes place in the Cytoplasm (all cells- prokaryotes)
-Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
-Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid
-Requires input of 2 ATP
Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP
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7. Entering the MITOCHONDRIA
Pyruvic acids ( 3 carbon atoms) from glycolysis- turn into Acetyl CoA (2 carbon atoms) as they enter the mitochondria.
This produces 1 NADH each

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Krebs Cycle
ATP
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NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2

9. Krebs Cycle
Step 1- Acetyl CoA combines with a 4 carbon molecule to produce citric acid (6 carbons)

10. Kreb’s Cycle
Step 2- Carbon is removed (CO 2) and energy is produced– NADH
Step 3-4 See step 2--- produces ATP and NADH

11. Kreb’s Cycle
Step 5- Oxaloacetic acid is used to combine with Acetyl CoA to restart the cycle

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Krebs Cycle Summary
Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
Completes the breakdown of glucose
Turns twice per glucose molecule
Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP
Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
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13. Electron Transport Chain (pg136)

14. Electron Transport Chain Summary
Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane
FADH, and NADH donate electrons for the chain
NADH = 3 ATP’s
FADH2 = 2 ATP’s
Oxygen is the last electron acceptor and combines with H+ to make water
34 ATP Produced
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15. Energy Tally 2 ATP for anaerobic vs 36 ATP for aerobic
Glycolysis ATP (anaerobic)
Kreb’s ATP (aerobic)
Electron Transport 34 ATP (aerobic)
38 ATP
Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon

16. CALORIE
Defined as the amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
4.2 Joules

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Fermentation
Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
Called LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION-in muscle cells (makes muscles tired)
Called ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION-in yeast (produces ethanol)
Gains only 2 ATP from each Pyruvic acid
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18. The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen.
However this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity.

19. The pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is broken down to lactic acid and energy is released (which is used to form ATP).
Glucose → Pyruvic acid → Lactic acid + energy

20. Alcohol fermentation occurs in yeasts and some bacteria.
Pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is broken down to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide and is released (which is used to form ATP).

21. Glucose → Pyruvic acid → alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy

22. Fermentation is used in food production.
Yogurt - Soy Sauce
Cheese - Vinegar
Bread - Olives/Pickles
Beer/ Meade - Wine/ Ale
Sauerkraut - Malt

23. KILOCALORIES (Large Calorie) Food Calorie
1 kilocalorie equals 1000 calories
We measure food calories in the unit of KILOCALORIES although we only call it a CALORIE.
The complete oxidation of a glucose molecule will yield 686 kcal.
ATP requires 12 kcal to be formed

24. CALCULATING ENERGY YIELD
EFFICIENCY of glycolysis =Energy Required to make ATP x 100
Total energy possible (686 kcal)
Glycolysis is only 3.5 % efficient
2 ATP x 12 kcal x 100
686 kcal

25. CALCULATING ENERGY YIELD
Complete Aerobic Respiration is 66% efficient 38 ATP x 12 kcal x 100 = kcal