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Cell Organelles Section 7.3
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Cell Wall Found outside some cell membranes It provides support and protection Made of cellulose
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Cell Membrane Controls what enters and leaves the cell Made of lipids and proteins
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Nucleus Leader of the eukaryotic cell because it contains DNA Every part of the cell depends on proteins to do its jobs, so by containing the blueprint to make proteins, the nucleus controls the activities of all the organelles
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Chromatin Strands of genetic material spread around the inside of the nucleus
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Ribosomes and the Nucleolus Ribosomes are created inside the nucleolus. In order for proteins to be made, ribosomes must move from the nucleus to the cytopasm.
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Cytoplasm Fluid filled area within the cell Site of chemical reactions
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Nuclear envelope The membrane surrounding all the nuclear material. Nucleoplasm-the fluid within the nucleus Nuclear pores in the envelope allow materials to pass into and out of the nucleus
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Endoplasmic Reticulum A transport network of tubes and channels Sites of chemical reactions Rough ER- has ribosomes attached to the tubes to the tubes
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Folded Membranes Folded membranes add surface area for reactions to take place. The mitochondria and the chloroplast have many folded membranes
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Ribosomes Ribosomes are the sites for protein synthesis.
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Golgi Apparatus Structure that modifies and packages proteins Made from pieces of the ER
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Vacuoles Temporary storage sites for food, water, and waste Very large in the plant cell for water storage and turgor pressure
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Lysosomes Membrane bound structure that contains digestive enzymes. Lysosomes in a tadpoles tail release their enzymes and destroy the tail cells, so the tail recedes
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Processes the need Energy Reproduction Movement Transportation Digestion Protein production Protein modification
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Chloroplast Converts the sun’s energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis
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Plastids Store pigments and starches in plant cells Chloroplast- stores chlorophyll (green) Chromoplast- stores other pigments Leukoplast-stores starches leukoplasts chromoplasts
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Mitochondria Releases energy from food during the process of CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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Cytoskeleton Thin, fibrous elements that provide support for organelles Microtubules- thin, hollow cylinders made of protein Microfilments - thin, solid protein fibers
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Cytoskeleton
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Cilia and Flagella Cilia- tiny hair-like projections used in cell movement Flagella- whip-like or tail-like appendage used in cell movement
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Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Prokaryote Have cell wall Have cell membrane Have ribosomes Have a circular chromosome Ex: bacteria Eukaryote Well defined nucleus Have membrane bound organelles DNA in the form of chromatin or chromosomes Some have a cell wall Ex: plants, fungi, animals, protists
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Eukaryote Prokaryote
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Plants vs. Animals Plant Contain plastids Have a cell wall Have a large vacuole No centrioles Animal No plastids No cell wall Small vacuoles Have centrioles that function during cell division
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Cell division in Ascaris megalocephala bivalens, in high optical enlargement, 1901.
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