1. MOTOR SYSTEMS: THE CEREBELLUM AND BASAL GANGLIA
D. C. MIKULECKY
PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY
AND
FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

2. THE CEREBELLUM AND BASAL GANGLIA COORDINATE MOVEMENTS
THE CEREBELLUM IS INVOLVED IN PLANNING, COORDINATION, AND POSTURE
ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR LOBES INVOLVED IN LIMB MOVEMENT
FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE IS INVOLVED IN EQUILIBRIUM AND POSTURE

4. ANATOMY OF THE CEREBELLUM
Lateral
Zone
Intermediate
Zone
Floculonodular Lobe

6. SOMATIC SENSORY PROJECTIONS ONTO THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX

7. FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBELLUM
PLANNING OF A MOVEMENT
CONTROL OF POSTURE AND EQUILIBRIUM
CONTROL OF SMOOTH LIMB MOVEMENT

8. CELL TYPES AND CIRCUITS IN THE CEREBELLUM

9. PURKINJE CELLS ARE THE MOST PROMINENT OF ALL THE CEREBELLAR CELL TYPES
TWO INPUTS: CLIMBING FIBERS (FROM OLIVARY NUCLEUS) AND PARALLEL FIBERS FROM GRANULE CELLS
OUTPUT VARIES ACORDING TO INPUT: CLIMING FIBERS LEAD TO COMPLEX PATTERNS WHILE PARALLEL FIBERS GENERATE SIMPLE PATTERNS

10. THE BASAL GANGLIA

11. THE BASAL GANGLIA PLAN MOVEMENTS
PRIMARY INPUT FROM NEOCORTEX
OTHER INPUTS FROM THE THALAMUS AND SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
GLOBUS PALLIDUS PROVIDES OUTPUT
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS

12. BASAL GANGLIA: AFFERENT CONNECTIONS
CORTEX
CAUDATE
THALAMUS
PUTAMEN
SUBSTANTIA
NIGRA

13. BASAL GANGLIA: INTRINSIC CONNECTIONS
CORTEX
CAUDATE
THALAMUS
PUTAMEN
GLOBUS
PALLIDUS
SUBSTANTIA
NIGRA

14. BASAL GANGLIA: EFFERENT CONNECTIONS
CAUDATE
THALAMUS
PUTAMEN
GLOBUS
PALLIDUS
SUBSTANTIA
NIGRA

15. BASAL GANGLIA OUTPUT TO CORTEX VIA THALAMUS
MODULATE DESCENDING COMPONENTS OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM
ADDITIONAL OUTPUTS TO SUBSTANTIA NIGRA USE DOPAMINE AS NEUROTRANSMITTER: THESE DEGENERATE IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE

16. THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS: HAIR CELLS SENSE MOTION
THREE COORDINATE PLANES: SUPERIOR, INFERIOR, AND HORIZONTAL
UTRICLE AND SACCULE DETECT LINEAR ACCELERATION IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICLE PLANES

17. THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS: UTRICLE & SACCULUS
ONE CANAL
IN EACH
COORDINATE
PLANE
UTRICLE
&
SACCULUS
AMPULLA

18. THE UTRICLE & SACCULUS OTOCONIA (CALCIUM CARBONATE CRYSTALS) OTOLITHIC
MEMBRANE-
GELATINOUS
LAYER
HAIR
CELLS
NERVE
CELLS

19. THE UTRICLE & SACCULUS HEAD MOVEMENT OTOCONIA (CALCIUM CARBONATE
CRYSTALS)
OTOLITHIC
MEMBRANE-
GELATINOUS
LAYER
HAIR
CELLS
NERVE
CELLS

20. THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS: SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
ONE CANAL
IN EACH
COORDINATE
PLANE
UTRICLE
&
SACCULUS
AMPULLA

21. THE AMPULLA
HAIR
CELLS
NERVE
CELLS

22. THE AMPULLA MOVEMENT OF HEAD INERTIAL FLUID MOVEMENT HAIR CELLS NERVE
BENT
NERVE
CELLS
FIRE

23. DISEASES OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM
UPPER-MOTOR-NEURON LESIONS
CORTICOSPINAL TRACT LESIONS
LOWER MOTOR NEURON LESIONS
CEREBELLAR LESIONS

24. UPPER-MOTOR-NEURON LESIONS
PARALYSIS ON SIDE OF BODY OPPOSITE LESION
INCREASED MUSCLE TONE
EXTENSION OF BIG TOE AND BABINSKI SIGN
LACK OF MUSCLE ATROPHY

25. CORTICOSPINAL TRACT LESIONS
LOSS OF STRENGTH AND MOVEMENT OF MUSCLE GROUPS
LOSS OF STRENGTH IN VOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTION
BABINSKI SIGN

26. LOWER MOTOR NEURON LESIONS
IPSOLATERAL HYPOACTIVE REFLEXES
PARALYSIS
FLACID MUSCLES WITH PROMINENT ATROPHY

27. CEREBELLAR LESIONS IPSILATERAL DISTURBANCES
LATERAL LESIONS RESULT IN COORDINATION LOSS
LESIONS IN THE VERMIS PRODUCE ATAXIA (LOSS OF COORDINATION)
FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE LESIONS PRODUCE EQUILIBRIUM DISTURBANCE AND ATAXIA