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The End of Communist Rule in Eastern Europe. “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”

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Presentation on theme: "The End of Communist Rule in Eastern Europe. “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”"— Presentation transcript:

1 The End of Communist Rule in Eastern Europe

2 “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.” –Winston Churchill, 1946

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4 Eastern Europe in the 70s and 80s 1968 - Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia after Prague Spring 1970s - Growing international debt; economic stagnation; Strikes in Poland show the decline of the system; Helsinki Accord 1978 - Cardinal Karol Wojtyla becomes Pope John Paul II 1979 - Pope’s visit to Poland 1980 - Solidarity (Solidarność) in Poland under leadership of Lech Wałęsa 1981 - Wałęsa is arrested and martial law declared in Poland 1982 - Death of Leonid Brezhnev; Yuri Andropov takes over as General Secretary of USSR 1985 - 11 March: Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in the USSR 1986 - 26 April: Explosion of nuclear reactor in Chernobyl, Ukraine 1988 - Round Table Talks in Poland; Hungarian Democratic Forum is created

5 Timeline: 1989 February: Rehabilitation of Imre Nagy May: Opening of borders between Hungary and Austria June: Elections in Poland Summer: Reburial of Imre Nagy in Heroes’ Square in Budapest and death of Janos Kadar October and November: Protests in East Germany and Czechoslovakia 9 November: Fall of Berlin Wall November: transfer of power in Bulgaria December: Vaclav Havel takes power in Czechoslovakia 25 December: Execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu in Romania, after being ousted from power a few days before

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7 Thematic Overview: “People Power” ? Older, Neo-Stalinist elite in Eastern Europe, gradually replaced by younger reformist Communists Economics: High debt (Poland, Hungary) and slow growth The USSR’s refusal to intervene: the “Sinatra Doctrine” Intellectual movements / Helsinki: Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland Environmentalism and Peace movements The role of the Church: East Germany, Slovakia, *Poland* Exposure to the West In general, loss of credibility

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