1. Cohesion
Tying Things Together

2. Cohesion
Goal: to help the reader follow the logical progression of ideas
To do this writers use cohesive ties (words or phrases that signal their line of thought, giving indications of the structure or organization of ideas)

3. Form of Paragraphs The typical paragraph follows a certain pattern
Umbrella sentence, which is often an assertion (a.k.a. topic sentence)

4. Form of Paragraphs
Supporting detail--to substantiate the assertion or provide relevant facts
Functional repetition of key words
Signposts to indicate logical relationships between sentences, ideas, and paragraphs
but, in addition to, however, on the other hand, first, second, third, etc.

5. Deductive Paragraph Begins with a topic sentence
Basic formula: (subject + controlling idea)
Moves into specific support sentences

6. Advantages of the Deductive Structure
Highlights the most important information
Allows for speed reading
Aids reader comprehension and retention

7. Advantages of the Deductive Structure
Provides readers with an overview so they can then place details in context
Forces writers to articulate their message clearly and succinctly

8. How to Achieve Cohesion
Open with a topic sentence that sets up key terms
Arrange sentences in a logical and discernible order

9. How to Achieve Cohesion
Repeat key terms as subjects of sentences
Use old/new principle (put familiar information first in sentences)
Use traditional markers as signposts

10. Old/New Principle
Information that is already known to readers is more psychologically accessible

11. Old/New Principle
Therefore, arrange the order of the information in a sentence so that you
1) Begin with information that has already been introduced, is more familiar, and is less complex
2) Move toward information that is newer, less familiar, and more complex

12. Ways of Marking Logic Continuous relationship:
Continuous markers tell readers that what follows is what they would expect
Continuous markers tell readers to go on

13. Ways of Marking Logic Discontinuous relationship:
Discontinuous markers tell readers what what follows is NOT what they would expect. (Tells readers to expect a reversal)

14. Goals for Cohesion Rewrite sections/paragraphs to include:
forecast or overviews
given/new order
Rewrite paragraphs to include:
topic sentences
cohesive markers
signal words