1. Introduction to Mapping
Map Projections

2. Fun with Fruit
Identify and mark on the fruit the locations of the North Pole and South Pole.
Locate the spot that is halfway between the two poles and use a marker to draw a line around the Earth at that point, which geographers refer to as the equator.
Draw a few lines of longitude on the map. (left to right)

3. Draw shapes to represent the continents on Earth.

4. Draw shapes to represent the continents on Earth.

5. Use a knife to pierce the skin of the fruit, then use your fingers to get under the skin to peel it off the fruit. Try to keep as much of the "globe" intact as possible.

6. Now, create a map that is flat and readable and compare it to another group

7. Maps have been used for over 4500 years for exploring, determining location and direction of travel, and for describing the shape of the world.
When the features of a globe are transferred onto a flat surface, a map projection is created. There are hundreds of different ways to do this, therefore there are hundreds of different projections.

8. Map Problem #1 The Earth is a round like object called a “Geoid”
It is not perfectly round
To simplify we use a Sphere or Ellipsoid to represent the shape of the earth

9. Map Problem #2 Maps are Flat and the Earth is not! Fruit Example
The peels when laid flat on the table began to rip
Maps have to compensate for the “rips” that occur when we take a round object and try to show it on a flat surface

10. Map Problem #3 To compensate for rips one of four things happens:
The Size of features on a map will be distorted
The Shape of features will be distorted
Directions will be distorted
Distances will be distorted

11. Most map projections are created on computers using complex mathematical equations. Each projection has characteristics that make it useful for different purposes, and each has its own advantages/disadvantages. These disadvantages are called distortions.
Remember: WHAT YOU SEE IN A MAP IS NOT, AND CANNOT BE, A TRUE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH.

12. What to do?
Cartographers will use different maps for different purposes.
Sometimes they will distort shape if size is more important and vice-versa
The projection they use will determine what is distorted and by how much

13. What is a Map Projection?
Picture a globe with a bulb in the middle.
The bulb shines light onto paper touching the globe
The land makes a shadow on the paper and it is then traced

14. The Light can come from different Angles!!!

15. Where to Put the Paper? Conical There are three common Map Projections
Good for the middle of the earth
Makes the polar regions smaller
Equatorial regions bigger
Shape is kept for the most part

16. #2 Planar or Azmithul
Putting a flat piece of paper that either touches or “cuts through” the globe
Mostly used for polar regions but can be used anywhere
Distance is only true from the centre outwards
Only accurate where the plane touches

17. # 3 Cylindrical This is used for world Maps
The equatorial region or lower latitude regions will have little distortion, but the polar regions are enlarged quite significantly
Most common and famous: Mercator Projection

18. Azmithul Example of Canada

19. The Mercator Projection
Used for sailing
Shows straight lines between places

20. Mercator Projection + -
Gives true compass bearings between points (good for navigation)
Greatly distorts the size of land masses (countries near the equator appear smaller)

22. Canada as a Mercator Projection

23. Winkel Tripel –
1998, National Geographic decided to address the problem of distortion on world maps. This projection provides the best balance between size, shape, distance, and direction. It give a more realistic representation of the earth

24. Some other examples of World Maps
Goode's Homolosine Equal-area Projection

25. Eckert IV Equal-area World Map Projection

26. Sinusoidal Equal-area World Map Projection

27. Discuss
What are some of the advantages of using globes rather than using maps?
What are some of the advantages of using maps rather than using globes?
What are some reasons we may use maps? (camping/hiking/canoeing/etc…)

28. Try the shaded area on pg 19

31. Homework Create a title page for Mapping 1D-pg 26 # 1-3,6-8,10
1P-pg26 #1,2,6,11